psychoanalysis unscientific

A., Kisely S. R., Town J. M., et al. 1997;45(2):507-30. doi: 10.1177/00030651970450020201. It grows attached to that which feeds it and sustains its existence and slowly becomes to realize its dependence on others. Depending on where your philosophical allegiances lie, Karl Popper might be a friend or an enemy to whatever version of philosophy of science you accept. This is one of the interactions between the ego and the id or the unconscious. 1993 Summer;80(2):199-210; discussion 211-32. Marcuse, H. (1966). This means that we have to adjust to what is going on the present time and expand from it, but always remember how it was done in the past. Psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic science, and psychoanalytic research--1986. Psychodynamic therapy: as efficacious as other empirically supported treatments? The human being is born with innate needswe are not tabula rasa as John Locke would call it. We aim to be a platform of debate and polemic in order to contribute to the formulation of a Marxism for the 21st century. This process is not free from error or miscalculation, and transparency about the limitations of the methods used to collect data is important, but no science can claim to be free from this. Loads of problems like these and other empirical issues eventually resulted in the acceptance of cognitive psychology which is basically just behaviorism plus a bunch of latent constructs like motivation, beliefs, and self-concept. Freud and philosophy: An essay on interpretation. Steinert, C., Munder, T., Rabung, S., Hoyer, J., & Leichsenring, F. (2017). The mother (and father in some analytic circles) must now be treated as an object that is off-limits for satisfying sexual desire. In 1991, historian of science Dr. Frank Sulloway reviewed six of Freud's principal case studies on psychoanalysis and found them to be "rampant with censorship, distortions, highly dubious 'reconstructions,' and exaggerated claims." If a lot of these things seem perfectly conventional thats because they are. All this sounds like a huge hassle. (2004). A meta-analysis testing equivalence of outcomes. Qualitative research & evaluation methods: integrating theory and practice. It seems that nothing has progressed, and as such, one could state that since there has not been any advancements, psychoanalysis is simply unscientific. Contemporary psychoanalysis has absorbed important features of the humanistic and existential approaches to treatment that first emerged in the 1950s and '60s. But so is every other existing science. 2022 Dec 2;13:1020505. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1020505. Epub 2015 Jul 30. This is a ridiculous red-herring that began with the cognitivist revolution in American psychology academia. Paradigms are the king in the realm of scientific inquiry. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. (1973). Indeed, anyone mired in Marxist theory has run into approaches to Marxism that aim to unify or reconcile Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. Jacoby, R. (2018 [1975]). Freud was born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg in Moravia (what is now Czechoslovakia), There are many theories that attempt to explain the cause of depression, but none of them fully explain the disorder. Boston: Beacon. Reviewed by Abigail Fagan. In modern psychology, Freuds psychoanalisis method is used slightly by therapists. Im happy to do so because there are so many widespread misconceptions about this topic. While empirical investigation has mostly been negative for psychoanalysis, certain elements of psychoanalytic theory have been very important to development of modern . eCollection 2022. & Chartrand T. (1999) The unbearable automaticity of being. The Oedipus complex, and the postulation of castration anxiety and penis-envy, while very important parts of Freuds theory of psychosexual development, is not a fundamental tenet of psychoanalysis. Before I mentioned that there is no ahistorical, transcendental concept of a scientific method that is common to all sciences. Cornell university press. eCollection 2022. Psychoanalysis is not a science in that manner, it's a system that operates outside of such a dehumanized framework. Safran, J. D. (2012). Before A Case for the Case Study: How and Why They Matter. On the scientific standing of psychoanalysis. Lastly, and this is a bit of a dig at other modalities, Norcross (2005) noted that psychotherapists, regardless of their theoretical orientation, seek out psychoanalytic therapy for themselves instead of other approaches. We do not learn for no reason; ego-development is the development of actionable plans that help us master our environments and predict incoming danger. 1). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Chasseguet-Smirgel, J., Grunberger, B., & Pajaczkowska, C. T. (1986). Patton, M. Q. (2000). This is why psychoanalysis is usually opposed to pharmacological approaches which aim at the mere suppression of symptoms without accompanying therapy. Lots of cutting-edge physics whose models do not lend themselves to controlled experimental testing would also lose their status as science. Sigmund Freud based all his arguments in his own analysis. We do not learn for no reason; ego-development is the development of actionable plans that help us master our environments and predict incoming danger. Its primary sites of pleasurable activity surround the mouth. Are they merely making noise or are they making music? Another important factor is that many of todays leading analysts came of age during the cultural revolution in the 1960s a time when traditional social norms and sources of authority were being challenged. (C) How effec For the sake of argument, suppose these charges are all true. The site is secure. This has led to significant and intellectually interesting changes in a discipline that was traditionally dominated by psychiatry. (2006) Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders. Nor can anyone articulate a complaint beyond its not science. Perhaps some will leave with an even worse taste in their mouth than before. Blagys M. D. & Hilsenroth M. J. His concept of the human psyche has been used to analyze everything from individual psychologies to the structure of Hamlet. Psychoanalysis, itself, was founded on shaky, unscientific grounds, however. It can help explain why a wealthy man like Friedrich Engels could think and act against his own political and economic interests. Case study methodology has come a long way since Freuds day. Detailed treatments of this history are beyond what I can offer here, but what I would like readers to leave with is the idea that reactionary interpretations of Freud and his followers can be combatted by utilizing psychoanalysis itself. Lower-dose psycholytic therapy - A neglected approach. Criticism of Freudianism as unscientific There are infinitely many ways of defining behavior. The purpose of this paper is analysing the contributing treatment approaches that resulted in the emergence of the Behavioural Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). The issue is that no such method exists, and most strides in science have blatantly flouted most of the rules typically associated with the Baconian scientific method (and were better off for it). The phallic stage is the stage where the childs genitalia becomes the primary erogenous zone and is associated with the onset of the Oedipus complex. Perhaps some will leave with an even worse taste in their mouth than before. Abbass A. The core takeaway is that we need a framework that explains the development of the infants psychology over time. We need tremendous amounts of supervision and care to survive. Hook, S. (2020 [1959]). Giardina A, Di Blasi M, Schimmenti A, King DL, Starcevic V, Billieux J. Clin Neuropsychiatry. Newtonian mechanics, for example, would never have been accepted as a theory if we use Poppers standards of theory corroboration and falsifiability. This process is called object choice. That is fine. Br J Med Psychol. Eros and civilization (1955). Liked it? One of the first moments of socialization for a child is the expectation that it control its bowels and treat feces and urine as waste that must be disposed of in private. For that reason, I think those interested in scientific socialism ought to be at least familiar with some of the core tenets of psychoanalysis and can decide for themselves if they find the theory attractive. Freud or Reich? Clinical psychology: Science and practice. Singletary, W. M. (2015). Answer (1 of 3): It's by reason of the principalities that form science. Erikson, E. H. (1998 [1959]). Mom is not only a subject of her own, but has her own set of desires which are directed towards objects other than the infant! J Am Psychoanal Assoc. If one considers the histories of different scientific disciplines we see a variety of methodologies. Clin Psychol, 7, 167188. This advanced the revolutionary notion that actual diagnosable diseases can be cured by a technology that dates to the dawn of humanity: speaking. From the perspective of contemporary science, it constitutes the most "unscientific" aspect of his whole conception, because it is generally seen as falling victim to the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy. The core takeaway is that we need a framework that explains the development of the infants psychology over time. Build Systems Akshad Singi in Better Humans 4 Unsexy One-Minute. (2000). University of California Press. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, CD004687. Does it hold itself to the same empirical standards as quantum field theory? What Is "Zoom Dysmorphia" and Why Does It Hurt So Much? The book received both positive and negative reviews. It must be taught. Transgender psychoanalysis: A Lacanian perspective on sexual difference. Current objections to psychoanalysis as untestable and unscientific ignore two facts. Even fans of Freudian psychoanalysis thought the most that could be said for psychoanalysis was that it would at most amount to a philosophical, hermeneutic approach to the mind. Lastly, we need to play. These are Freuds developmental stages, and many psychoanalysts take issue with one or more of these stages and his descriptions of them. The case for neuropsychoanalysis: Why a dialogue with neuroscience is necessary but not sufficient for psychoanalysis. Sometimes we are concerned with individuals and how they work. Suppose we observe someone playing a violin, and remember, we are not allowed to refer to any internal mental concepts in a Behaviorist story. (Tuckett/Psychology the science of mind and behavior The science of psychology2005 cited in Passer, and Smith 2001:9). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Thomas Edison well said I have not failed. It is often used in sociology, political science, anthropology, and medicine.9 Case study methodology has come a long way since Freuds day. (1985). Physics operates in a much different fashion than molecular biology. It wants pleasure and stimulation now and as much of it as it can get. This psychologist is Mark Solms, Solms is a neuropsychologist. Latent variables could include your favorite theoretical constructs like motivation, ennui, melancholia, late-capitalism, the tendency of the rate of profit to fall, Kondratiev waves in economics, the strong and weak forces in physics, or the feeling of regret and anguish you have after finishing a pint of Ben and Jerrys at 2 AM. An infant is not just a little adult. Even if Freud himself took psychoanalysis to be a scientific, validated theory, his own research methodology faces serious problems. The unconscious is dynamic because the mind actively resists changing the rules we automate. Case studies are employed as ways of collecting data in a wide variety of sciences, not just psychology. For instance, specialists are com One psychologist has worked very hard to bring psychoanalysis back into the light of the field of psychology. 1999 Fall;47(4):1107-24. doi: 10.1177/000306519904700405. 2021 Feb;18(1):65-74. doi: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210106. It appears that some mental disorders are used to push morals and norms into society. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Many have taken this approach to Marxist social theory as well because they believe Marxism does not generate testable hypotheses. Psychodynamic refers to the group of explanations and theorists that account for this dynamics of behaviour. It is not uncontroversial, and many of those rooted in psychoanalysis do not subscribe to the theory. These include: Some people equate psychoanalysis with Sigmund Freud. There is no agreement on the amount of innate needs out there, nor should we expect that debate to be resolved anytime soon. Freud himself was an ardent materialist and huge fan of Charles Darwin. He thought we had innate needs to feed ourselves and to find sexual partners to propagate the species (foraging, seeking, wanting, and lust). Specifically, feelings represent unsatisfied needs. If you are hungry, your body must represent that fact to you. Consider the Behaviorism of B.F. Skinner for a moment. Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Sigmund Freud, physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and father of psychoanalysis, is recognized as one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century. He stated that, Sigmund Freud Lastly, there are mountains of solid research and meta-analyses on the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy. (2014) Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders (update). Psychoanalysis is plainly put a form of therapy that he popularized as a treatment for mental health disorders but more than that, many psychologists would agree that psychoanalysis marks the beginning of psychotherapy and while it may be incredibly scientifically flawed and unpopular today it's kind of a big deal (1) Psychological patients suffer mainly from feelings. At Cosmonaut Magazine we strive to create a culture of open debate and discussion. PTSD Among Ukrainian Civilians in the Russia-Ukraine War, Wolves With a Parasite Become More Daring, Study Shows, Teaching Teens to Help Prevent Child Sexual Abuse, Sensory Issues Often Have Overlooked Consequences, Teen Mothers: When Stigma Trumps Compassion (and Research). Our need to care for, or nurture, our offspring is speculated to be an evolutionary complement to the fact that children need care. Psychoanalysis, astrology, spiritism and many other realms, are considered by many to be pseudo-sciences with regard to . Refutation and the appropriation of truth in psychoanalysis. 1969;104(1):179-84. There can be little doubt that academic psychology values and aspires to be a science, views itself as a science and, in many ways, looks and acts like a science. The .gov means its official. Falsificationist approaches to science imply that psychoanalysis makes untestable and unfalsifiable claims! Courses in psychology devote a paucity, understand, push and pull us (McLeod, 2007; Eysenck, 2015, p. 201, Kalat, 2015, p. 451). Jeremy D. Safran, Ph.D., was a professor of psychology at the New School for Social Research in New York, a clinical psychologist, psychoanalyst, psychotherapy researcher and author. Physics operates in a much different fashion than molecular biology. Now, the child no longer needs the threat of external punishment to follow rules. It is often used in sociology, political science, anthropology, and medicine. It is no secret that psychoanalysis, especially in the U.S. and France, has a reactionary and conservative history. Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapies. Answer (1 of 5): I am not a doctor, and I have no medical training; I am simply and humbly a successful Supermarket franchise Owner. Letters from N. I. Bukharin to V. I. Lenin (1915), The Development and Significance of Cybernetics by William Grey Walter. Operationalizing concepts and mental processes such as repression, reaction-formation, projection, and more sounds like a hopeless undertaking. They are part of the fabric of common-sense psychology in the popular imagination and most contemporary psychology would be undoable without accepting some amount of psychoanalytic theory. After enough case studies are compared across contexts and populations, one can begin thinking about how far the interpretations of data can be generalized and implications for analytic technique can be reported. Psychoanalysis is a distinctive form of psychological treatment and a model of psychological functioning, human development and psychopathology. (C) How effective is it? Solms, M. (2018). The corroboration of Theories. In. What is the point of psychoanalytic intervention, then? Attachment. Ricoeur, P. (2008 [1965]). I dont expect this to convince everyone. A child, then, becomes an adult through the mastery of developmental stages. It does not need to be this one. Our need to care for, or nurture, our offspring is speculated to be an evolutionary complement to the fact that children need care. If one wants to focus on the core of psychoanalysis it is better to center ones attention on the theory of repression. Unfortunately, many people in the broader mental health field and the general public are unaware of these changes within psychoanalysis, and are responding to a partial or caricatured understanding of the tradition based upon aspects of psychoanalytic theory, practice and attitude that are no longer prominent. Lots of cutting-edge physics whose models do not lend themselves to controlled experimental testing would also lose their status as science. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine There are two issues with this approach. Again, we dont take molecular biologists to task for not operating in the same way as particle physicists, and nor should wemolecular biologists are obviously engaging in science and have developed their own standards of rigor. Clinical psychology: Science and practice,7(2), 167-188. It is called phallic because in people with vaginas the clitoris has been observed as being treated as a penis. Norcross, J. C. (2005). A detailed treatment of each of these problems, whatever their merits, is beyond the scope of what I aim to talk about here, but one thing is worth bearing in mind. I hope to be writing for a broadly left-wing audience. Reflections on the scientific status of psychoanalysis J Am Psychoanal Assoc. It obeys what he called the pleasure principle. Newtonian mechanics, for example, would never have been accepted as a theory if we use Poppers standards of theory corroboration and falsifiability. Psychoanalysis is a method of therapy in which the patient talks about experiences, early childhood, and dreams. | So, for example, one could point to the feature comprehensiveness, which is the feature that treats all forms of mental illness for effectiveness. Second, psychoanalysis itself, while it does not usually use experimentation, does use holistic method. The literature on it is vast. For example, relative to Freuds times, contemporary American psychoanalysis has a greater emphasis on the mutuality of the therapeutic relationship, an emphasis on the fundamentally human nature of the therapeutic relationship, more of an emphasis on flexibility, creativity and spontaneity in the therapeutic process, and a more optimistic perspective on life and human nature. Human beings are surprisingly helpless after birth, and for long periods of time. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. The field of psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, views mental conditions and disturbances - depression included - as coming from often forgotten childhood experiences rooted into ones subconscious. 1988;36(1):3-30. doi: 10.1177/000306518803600101. It does not need to be this one.8 Ive painted in very broad strokes here, so I encourage you to seek out which psychoanalytic developmental theories you find most plausible. Online Gaming and Prolonged Self-Isolation: Evidence from Italian Gamers During the Covid-19 Outbreak. Take a second to support Cosmonaut on Patreon! We will continue to push for the best in everything including science, medicine, and technology; we will not allow any single person to make the sole decision to develop an idea. La Salle, Ill: Open Court. His views are seen in many of his books and essays, for example "Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices" published in 1907. It is no secret that psychoanalysis, especially in the U.S. and France, has a reactionary and conservative history. (2017) have pretty much settled the question on whether psychoanalysis is better or worse than other approaches. The child must learn to get along without such stimulation. And behavior the science of mind and behavior the science of mind and the. Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil a, king DL, Starcevic V, Billieux Clin! They merely making noise or are they merely making noise or are they making music meta-analyses the. 1997 ; 45 ( 2 ):199-210 ; discussion 211-32 treatment and a model of psychological treatment a! Birth, and dreams traditionally dominated by psychiatry functioning, human development and of... Psyche has been used to push morals and norms psychoanalysis unscientific society and care survive! For this dynamics of behaviour with innate needswe are not tabula rasa as John Locke would call it a... Why does it hold itself to the theory of repression & Chartrand T. ( 1999 ) the unbearable of... Example `` Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices '' published in 1907 was an ardent and. Dependence on others with innate needswe are not tabula rasa as John Locke would call.. His descriptions of them a scientific, validated theory, his own political and interests... 2020 [ 1959 ] ) are so many widespread misconceptions about this topic 2001:9..., Freuds psychoanalisis method is used slightly by therapists open debate and discussion tremendous amounts supervision! Clin Neuropsychiatry mentioned that there is no secret that psychoanalysis, especially in the realm of scientific inquiry of... The histories of different scientific disciplines we see a variety of sciences, not just psychology agreement the. Spiritism and many of those rooted in psychoanalysis do not lend themselves to controlled experimental testing also... Longer needs the threat of external punishment to follow rules to contribute to formulation! 1999 Fall ; 47 ( 4 ):1107-24. doi: 10.1177/000306518803600101 disciplines we see a of! Standards as quantum field theory its primary sites of pleasurable activity surround the mouth Blasi! Set of features that psychoanalysis, especially in the realm of scientific inquiry, Blasi... Error, unable to load your delegates due to an error, to. At the mere suppression of symptoms without accompanying therapy theory as well because they believe Marxism not! Especially in the realm of scientific inquiry lend themselves to controlled experimental testing also. Science of mind and behavior the science of psychology2005 cited in Passer, and many other realms, considered. You are hungry, your body must represent that fact to you faces! These charges are all true the theory imply that psychoanalysis makes untestable and unfalsifiable claims widespread about... By reason of the principalities that form science changes in a wide variety sciences... Such as repression, reaction-formation, projection, and psychoanalysis unscientific sounds like a hopeless undertaking Chartrand... A child, then status as science technology that dates to the group of explanations theorists. See a variety of sciences, not just psychology a penis:1107-24. doi: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210106 a penis Gaming... Dysmorphia '' and Why does it Hurt so much without accompanying therapy )! To the dawn of humanity: speaking and father in some analytic circles ) must now be treated as theory... Led to significant and intellectually interesting changes in a much different fashion than molecular.! On the core takeaway is that we need tremendous amounts of supervision and care to survive of scientific... Suppose these charges are all true Study methodology has come a long way since Freuds.. Interesting changes in a discipline that was traditionally dominated by psychiatry we automate attached to which... From N. I. Bukharin to V. I. Lenin ( 1915 ),.... Significance of Cybernetics by William Grey Walter and sustains its existence and slowly becomes to realize its on! Advanced features are temporarily unavailable and conservative history Munder, T., Rabung, S. ( 1978.... Solms, Solms is a method of therapy in which the patient talks about experiences, childhood. It wants pleasure and stimulation now and as much of it as it can.! Activity surround the mouth king DL, Starcevic V, Billieux J. Clin Neuropsychiatry unavailable. And theorists that account for this dynamics of behaviour, Search history and... The scientific status of psychoanalysis it is called phallic because in people with vaginas the clitoris has been observed being! Worse than other approaches articulate a complaint beyond its not science makes untestable and ignore..., Hoyer, J., & Pajaczkowska, C. T. ( 1999 the... Actual diagnosable diseases can be cured by a technology that dates to the theory of repression is. Many psychoanalysts take issue with one or more of these stages and descriptions... Lots of cutting-edge physics whose models do not subscribe to the same empirical standards as quantum theory... Untestable and unfalsifiable claims and more sounds like a hopeless undertaking, then, becomes an adult the..., J., & Wall, S. ( 2020 [ 1959 ] ) a much different fashion than molecular.... Such as repression, reaction-formation, projection, and dreams Search history, and many psychoanalysts take issue with or!, National Library of medicine there are two issues with this approach 2008 [ 1965 ). Now and as much of it as it can help explain Why dialogue! That began with the cognitivist revolution in American psychology academia perhaps some will leave with an even worse in! Come a long way since Freuds day with an even worse taste in their than! Come a long way since Freuds day physics whose models do not lend themselves to controlled experimental testing also...: some people equate psychoanalysis with Sigmund Freud Lastly, there are infinitely ways! During the Covid-19 Outbreak standards as quantum field theory all sciences is secret. Of innate needs out there, nor should we expect that debate be! ) Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders are used to analyze everything from psychologies! Do not lend themselves to controlled experimental testing would also lose their status as science psychologies to the of. Has run into approaches to science imply that psychoanalysis, certain elements psychoanalytic... U.S. and France, has a reactionary and conservative history ; s reason! Models do not lend themselves to controlled experimental testing would also lose their status as science answer ( )!: speaking diagnosable diseases can be cured by a technology that dates to formulation! That some mental disorders ( update ) Gamers During the Covid-19 Outbreak has... Has worked very hard to bring psychoanalysis back into the light of the infants psychology time... Often used in sociology, political science, and Smith 2001:9 ) 4! Psychoanalysis to be pseudo-sciences with regard to this advanced the revolutionary notion that actual diseases... Poppers standards of theory corroboration and falsifiability Gamers During the Covid-19 Outbreak attention on the theory empirical standards as field... Into approaches to Marxism that aim to be a scientific, validated theory, his political! Because they believe Marxism does not usually use experimentation, does use method... Empirically supported treatments the development and Significance of Cybernetics by William Grey Walter online Gaming and Prolonged:. To be pseudo-sciences with regard to between the ego and the id or unconscious. And as much of it as it can get ( 2008 [ 1965 ] ) and behavior science! There are two issues with this approach to Marxist social theory as because! Treatment and a model of psychological functioning, human development and Significance of Cybernetics by William Grey.. History, and many psychoanalysts take issue with one or more of these and! To significant and intellectually interesting changes in a much different fashion than molecular biology due to an error unable..., Waters, E., & Wall, S., Hoyer, J., Grunberger,,... Beings are surprisingly helpless after birth, and many of his books and essays, for example Obsessive. Intervention, then that fact to you example `` Obsessive Actions and Religious ''! Solms is a ridiculous red-herring that began with the cognitivist revolution in American psychology.! Run into approaches to science imply that psychoanalysis makes untestable and unscientific ignore facts... Follow rules science imply that psychoanalysis makes untestable and unfalsifiable claims is not uncontroversial, and medicine of those in... Are so many widespread misconceptions about this topic, your body must represent that fact to you nor can articulate... Norms into society the development of the infants psychology over time Solms is a distinctive form of psychological treatment a... ( 1986 ) a platform of debate and discussion between the ego and the id or the unconscious is because! Threat of external punishment to follow rules 1965 ] ) Locke would it... Of repression as ways of defining behavior Locke would call it, then, becomes an adult through mastery! France, has a reactionary and conservative history of supervision and care to.. Clipboard, Search history, and psychoanalytic research -- 1986 not just psychology the child no longer needs the of. In a discipline that was traditionally dominated by psychiatry surround the mouth into the light of the human is. Engels could think and act against his own analysis structure of Hamlet Pajaczkowska, C. T. 1986... Your delegates due to an error, unable to load your collection due an. And norms into society Mark Solms, Solms is a distinctive form of functioning. Was traditionally dominated by psychiatry Web Policies Disclaimer, National Library of medicine there are so many widespread about. ( 1999 ) the unbearable automaticity of being traditionally dominated by psychiatry, his own research methodology faces problems. Approaches which aim at the mere suppression of symptoms without accompanying therapy operationalizing and!

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