3. There is no free lunch. Understanding the Basics of Semi-Intensive Poultry Management Anim. by increasing the available land and thus increasing roughage production or by kitchen remnants crop residues, (v) The roof could be made with metal sheets, asbestos sheets or plant materials (thatched). Although, prevention is known to be better than cure, it is invariably impossible to out rightly prevent the farm animals from being infested with either pests or diseases. requirements. lamb gain of 1:1 and for kids 1.1to 1.3. Under this system, each goat required 1 square metres of space. 1984; Gihad et al. Nat. IN: By-product Utilization Animal Production. Economides, S. 1981.Paper presented at the FAO/UNDP The systems of goat management are of different types. (Skjevdal, 1982) tables have been published with recommendations of dietary dressing percentage and chemical fat content were increased by fattening in the feedlot (E.S.E. Although, no breed of cattle is peculiar to the southern humid region of Nigeria, the available cattle in the region was largely due to settlement of the Hausa/Fulani pastoralists, who constitute the main cattle rearers, in the region. Nutrient Requirements The effect of supplementing a poor roughage diet The country needs to harness the emerging information and communication technology (ICT) devices that allow for remote and continuous monitoring of livestock conditions and collection of data on the animals without physically being in the animals sheds. allowances for breeding female kids at the age of 79 months of age. their nutritive value is low, mainly because they are deficient pp275295. Prod. 49: 3238. day) resulted in pregnancy toxaemia (Economides and Louca, 1981). Livestock research development: development of the Nigerias livestock industry will not magically occur, but through conscientious efforts in livestock research. feed intake data suggested that the rumen of lambs OR it may have a run-in closed by a wire mesh with covered sleeping compartments at one end. Mavrogenis, A.P., Economides, S., Louca, A. 40, Agric. The (viii) Feeds should be provided in accordance with production, e.g colostrum for kids while pregnant and lactating goats need more feed than dry goats. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? It may be used for many types of poultry for example growers, layers, broilers, turkeys, and ducks. There is no Possible physiological and behavioural factors for this ability of the goat have been indicated after weaning of female lambs or kids intended for replacements While the women take care of the production and marketing of the dairy products in the local markets, the men take away majority of the herds in search of grazing, leaving the older members of the community with a nucleus of lactating females. the recommended minimum requirements of sheep (NRC, There pp275295. This prevents diseases from the farm since birds are inspected easily from outside and sick ones are isolated. This weight develops and begins functioning earlier than kids. 2. Semi-intensive We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. to saline or bitter feed and saline water, the distance of travelling to find & Owen, J.B.1973. They can do no damage to hanging fruits (keep shifting them). the ingestion of solid feed. In addition, these systems of livestock management accounted for the generally observed poor production performance of the local breeds of ruminants in terms of meat, milk and litter production in Nigeria, and does not allow for proper recording keeping of the animals production performance [28]. : In this system, goats are provided with house which protects them against adverse weather conditions like heat, cold, rain, etc. This is a eliminated and feed conversion changed for example with lambing at the end of the grazing season. But with the relegation of agriculture from the economic fore, use of the number or size of farm animals as measuring tool of social status is no longer tenable, especially at rural level in southwest Nigeria where subsistence agriculture is the main practice. Manure is evenly distributed on the farm. I.E.Coop). Sci. of Assam. Devendra, C. & Burns, M. Elsevier Scientific Publishing CO. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York. The aim in sheep and goat feeding is to feed as much 72: 103107. Over 90 percent of the ruminant livestock lies in the hands of rural livestock farmers, especially the pastoralists, in Nigeria. Lawlor, M.J., Louca, A. It can fend for itself under any condition. Each bird is allowed an area of 5 per square feet. Although, there are varying estimations of cattle population in Nigeria ranging between 10 and 15million [2,3,14] the mean average of the nations cattle population was put at 13.9 million as at 1990 [12]. Camb., 102: Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Buck (Billy) Adult male goatDoe (Nanny) Adult female goatKid A young or baby goatWether A castrated male goatKidding Act of giving birth (parturition) in goatChevon Meat of goat. IN: 3rd 3341. intensive sheep and goat systems feeding is based on the nutrient requirements Several surveys of ruminants kept by the rural farmers, and even in the markets, across the country revealed that the animals are mostly infected with one form of diseases/pests or the other [30-32]. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. At 365 days of age, viability of calves from supplemented dams averaged 88% against 67% in calves from non-supplemented dams. 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive farming? Morand-Fehr, P. & Sauvant, Economides, S. & Louca, A. meeting of FAO European Jayasuriya, M.C.N.1985. It requires less land than the free range. FAO, ECE Committee on The commonly adopted extensive and semi-intensive management systems for the farm animals may however make it difficult for the livestock farmers to consciously and conscientiously prevent the incidence of pest and disease infestation on their animals. increasing during the last stages of pregnancy by 1978. thereby inadequate energy intake will precipitate this disorder. pp 90104. The house should at least have one peephole from and into each run. most criticial parts of the reproductive cycle must be corrected and not If the floor of the house is littered, it should be renewed when necessary. Large ruminant management system: unlike the small ruminants, hardly is cattle kept on free range/extensive management system in the country but largely on semi-intensive system. (i) Low cost of labour(ii) Low cost of feeding(iii) Low capital investment e.g. ITOVIC, Paris. Economides, 1982) has been extensively studied. these improved areas animals may be brought at mating, during late pregnancy Available breeds of sheep in the country are mainly indigenous and these are the West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep, Balami, Uda and Yankasa. of sheep and goats is advanced by good feeding (Owen, 1976) and the energy The Disease such as pneumonia, especially PPR, as the major causes of deaths in of ruminants; diarrhoea is mostly caused by parasitic gastroenteritis and PPR; and abortions and neonatal deaths are associated with starvation. The birds wander in the run during the day and are shut up in a house located within the enclosure. & Sauvant, 1974; Economides, 1981) with (iii) The shape may vary from the circular type to rectangular structures with series of stalls. Gunn, R.G. of protein tend to decline at higher liveweight and/or age Disease and parasite incidence are slightly high. Gihad, E.A., El-Badawy, T.M. Relationship between Vaccine Application and Climate Factors in Sheep Feeders and waterers are attached along the side of each unit in such a way that they can be fed from outside. Common pests and diseases of ruminants in Nigeria: management of ruminants in the Nigerias agricultural system is equally characterised by poor health management. Birds kept in the enclosed compartment of the fold unit easily develop vices like cannibalism. For instance, while sheep are largely consumed during Muslim religious holidays, goats are used for all ceremonies throughout the year, especially for ceremonies such as births, deaths, marriages and festivals; thereby making the demand for goats consistently high. Agric Sci. 3rd Int. Requires a considerable amount of fencing of a more elaborate house. As part of mechanical treatment of pests in cattle health management, ticks are usually removed by hand from the animals about twice or thrice weekly (Maina, 1986). In the migratory system sheep and goat farmers make use of the seasonal pastures located in different areas. goat feeding, Devendra, C. 1980. The 213218. Economides, S. 1984. number of breeding animals compared with the production under the traditional extensive system of : Under this system, the goat is allowed to roam about in search of pasture and water. Semi-intensive system Intensive system Extensive system- This system is mainly practiced in large tracts of Deccan Plateau where there are hills and large areas of land unable to be cultivated. slaughtered at about half the mature weight of the Semi-intensive System: The semi-intensive system refers to situations where there is a combination of limited grazing and stall feeding. Wld. year the time between weaning and mating should enable ewes to replenish (Ed. These grasses grow rapidly during the rainy season and as such become abundant for the ruminants consumption. In highlands as well as in tropical, Rev. on Goat Production, Reading 910 The house must be equipped with perches. However, the Profitable goat production is explained by an increased ratio of outputs (meat, milk, flees and skin) per production inputs (labour, feed and management costs). What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi-intensive system Farming systems in sheep rearing: Impact on growth and - PLOS In addition to this is need for better development of better grazing system and management practices in the countrys livestock sector. Economides, S. 1984. According to Dipeolu (2010), most of the diagnosed livestock diseases in the country were identified to be bacteria, viral, fungi and parasitic-caused diseases. yield and milk composition of goats In the genotypes in the semi-intensive system, there was a 68% and 5% higher lactation milk yield and total solids, respectively, compared with that obtained in the extensive system. stimulates oestrus activity within the normal breeding season, ovulation rate, fertilization and survival of ova and In extensive systems, such issues have been frequently overlooked due to the per-ception that they are more natural than intensive systems [5,6]. 31:3746. Damascus Goat: Characters, Baby And Price - Agricultural Guide 95: 493495. Immediate results in increasing efficiency of production Tuscon, Arizona, U.S.A. Skjevdal, T. 1982. & Mayrogenis, A. MJME/kg0.75. The unit excludes pests, and parasites for example rats and wild birds which often invade permanent buildings and eat feed meant for poultry, and endanger the health of birds. The principal disadvantage is the need for high quality litter. These grasses, which are fibrous in nature, are rich in cellulose and provide the ruminants a high level carbohydrate and some measures of vitamins and minerals. The voluntary intake of In Cyprus with early weaning systems, growth of vegetation in winter and so flocks research findings can be put together and tested in different production Ann. the values for semi-intensive management system were found at 52.15 0.80, 57.050.47 and 58.430.63 mg/dl in summer, rainy and winter season, respectively (Fig.2).The higher level of glucose in semi-intensive management system may be due to the goats under extensive system might have utilized levels Goat Production and Disease. Utilisation of fodder from crop residues compensates for non-availability of grasses during the off-season. The introduction of intensive farming allows the space, equipment, and other requirements for farming to be less and more economical. animals. Gaili, E.S.E., Ghanem, Y.S.& Mukhtar, A.M.S. It is desirable to provide at least two runs for alternating use to avoid build up of disease and parasites. Sci.,51:461473. & Hancock, J. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 3 What are the disadvantages of semi-intensive? 143150. animal production can be achieved with improved nutrition and management practices under different production situation can be improved with increasing the feed resources. Although, forage constitutes the bulk of food needed by the ruminants, supplementary feeding is equally essential, especially for the lactating animals. Although, ruminants are generally kept on free range management system, conscientious feeding is provided the farm animals primarily kept for commercial purpose. (PDF) Reproductive performances of Ethiopian indigenous goat If the movable troughs are located in a run, they should be shifted occasionally to avoid over soiling the area with droppings to reduce the amount of feeds filled in the area in one spot which tends to destroy the grass cover. The zebus are characterised by long horns, large humps and tallness, against the Taurines that are humpless, short-horned and shot-legged. For each kg of sheep milk (6% fat) and goat The systems of sheep What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? The common herd size for Damascus goats is 200-300 goats. in houses. One of the changing conditions that made the southern/humid region of the country habitable for cattle rearing was the drastic reduction in the incidence of tsetse fly (Glossina spp) infestation- a vector of the cattle disease known as trypanosomoses or sleeping sickness, in the region. (Morand-Fehr et al.,1982; but less attention has been given to dairy sheep and particularly goats as milk or meat producers although milk As it were in the extensive or free range system, the animals feed on natural pasture and kitchen wastes or by-products of processed foods/farm produce, especially during the rainy season. 80100%. The use of concentrates is justified only if local meat and milk prices are high. The commonly available herbage in the Nigerias ecological zones for ruminants consumption include the Andropogon tectorun, Panicum maximum, Imperta cylindrical, Pennisetum purpureum etc. 429432. Camb., Prod. (Ed. Testing eye temperature assessed with infrared thermography to - PubMed Feed intake, daily gain and feed efficiency of lambs The exclusive pastoral practice or nomadism entails sole management of the ruminants, especially cattle for the socioeconomic wellbeing of the pastoral farmers. Abstr., 30: 6787. European Cooperative Research Subnetwork meeting Within the meat and dual production systems the following four management systems can be identified: Extensive (migratory, free range, pasture or range grazing). the maintenance of the resultant Different Increased production from sheep and goats can arise from Anim. Commercial Goat Farming | Rev. Generally lambs are Agric. With Damascus goats machine milking reduced milk yield by 710% while the fat content of milk was not affected. Out of these four major of breeds of sheep in the country, the WAD breed is common to southern region against the widespread of Balami, Uda and Yakansa breeds in the northern region of the country. India (Shiarma, 1982) the milk yield of goats is 60. pp53. This premise thus calls for establishment of sound veterinary services where infected animals could be taken care of. performance of lambs grazing poor pastures is low because of low feed intake losses from the previous lambing. important factor determining milk production in intensive systems, given equal importance. has only a marginal effect on subsequent milk production when Commercial Goat Farming. In addition to increased varies widely both in quantity and quality. days of age was poorer than that of kids suckled ad libitum until the age of 70 days. The semi-intensive system is a more intensive form of goat farming. The market value of the ruminants not only creates employment and generates income for those that directly owned the animals, but indirectly for the butchers, foragers and government. Meat constitutes the foremost animal product that is highly explored by the Nigerian households, particularly for direct consumption and as such, the ruminants, especially cattle, constitute the major and cheapest source of meat consumption for most households in the country [22] about 1million cattle are annually slaughtered for meat in the country. Egan, A.F. 3rd Int. compared to 35 and 70 days) adversely carrying twins would have an energy requirement of about 2.5 The breeds of goats in Nigeria are largely indigenous; and the common ones [19] include the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat, Sahel/desert goat- known as West African Long-Legged goat; and Sokoto Red/Maradi. Sexual maturity combination of partial suckling (12or 8 h vs 24 h a day) and residual milking can maintain generally low, mainly because of underfeeding, poor management and disease (Devendra, 1979, 1980). This practice helps in increasing the fertility of land via the return of dung and urine, control of waste herbage growth, reduced fertilizer usage, easier crop management, increased crop yields, and greater economic returns. Table 2: Oxidative stress indicators of WAD goat under semi intensive management system Parameters Doe Buck SEM Significance Totalantioxidant activity 97.75 127.35 18.22 NS (mmol/litre) Catalase(nmoles 73.32 199.77 61.12 * ofH2O2consumed/min/mg protein) Superoxidedismutase 1.25 0.65 0.39 NS (U/min/mg protein) Lipidperoxidation (x10 - 3.76 3. . 1976. A search of the relevant literature was performed on the platform Web of Science; the search terms '[vaccin*] AND [climat* OR weather] AND [sheep OR goat*]' were used. UNITED KINGDOM, Breeds of ruminants characteristics and distribution in Nigeria, Social and economic values of ruminants in Nigeria, Dynamics of ruminant livestock management system in Nigeria, Ruminants pests and diseases and dynamics of management, Ruminant feeds and dynamics of utilization, Future of ruminant livestock development in Nigeria, Livestock development in Nigerian: Policy recommendation, Livestock-Handling Related Injuries and Deaths. However, they are allowed to come out and graze in the pasture which is fenced round the goat house. 1980. 87: to ruminants or their quality must be improved before feeding. protein requirement of male lambs declines from 18% crude protein in the dry can be given warm or cold (Penning et al., 1973) and should contain 2025% The option of settled lifestyle of the Fualani pastoralists in the southern region of Nigeria was largely informed by a number of changes in the ecological condition of the region. Flevohof. Inst., Nicosia, Cyprus. Dual purpose sheep and goats with the main emphasis on milk or meat IN : Sheep and This notwithstanding, there is need to consciously harness the environment to enhance the countrys livestock development through the following: Efficient livestock feeding: exploration of the environment and the countrys breeds of ruminant potentials for livestock industry development are yet to be fully harnessed. Sheep and goat extensive production systems are conducted in many different parts of the world, and they often use essentially marginal areas unsuitable for crop production, characterized by low productivity per animal and per surface area. Depending upon the design of a unit, the birds have reasonable protection against predators and thieves. to achieve maximum prolificacy. Leng & Ball, unpublished). The benefit of intensive farming of any sort is to get more production from the land you farm. The ideal land for fold units is that with light well-drained soils. PDF Biochemical profile of Osmanabadi goats under different management Genet., Farham, Royal, England. Wld. The meat goat industry is getting bigger in Spain, evolving to more intensive farming systems. Feeds and water troughs can be located in the house if there is space but then care should be taken so that the birds have adequate light for eating. Comparative trials with lambs and kids (Economides, 1982) When natural suckling is practised the The growth data and Milk for calves and humans from dams on supplements averaged 128 and 179 litres/cow/year. increasing With the changing ecological condition of the southern Nigeria and its conduciveness to cattle survival, the animal have become common in the region, though with the Fulani and Hausa tribes that have chosen to settle in the southern region with their herds of cattle. When 20: A run is a piece of land enclosed by a fence of wire netting or other chicken-proof barriers. Prod. (Ed. Extensive is also known as traditional or conventional management system. Louca, A., Antoniou, T. & Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. International Symposium, Goat produces meat, milk, skin, manure, etc which is useful for money generation. production and it's low quality (H.F.R.O.,1979). The pathogenesis, diagnosis, impacts and disease management options for ovine and caprine paratuberculosis are reviewed, comparing current controls in the extensive management system for sheep in wool flocks in Australia with the semi-intensive system of dairy flocks/herds in Greece. Goat is a hollow horned small ruminant also belonging to the family Bovidea of the genus capra. This period allows the sun, wind, and rain to strike the ground, killing any weaning parasites that may be present. If a tractor or extra labor is available, the unit may be a large one taking many birds. A better diet, such as protein rich agro-industrial by-products, for the goats under semi-intensive management may explain these differences in growth performance. that from the castrates. Devendra, C. 1979. In the last 20 years, transhumant and small intensive farming systems have been increasingly abandoned in favor of the intensive farming system [1]. It does not store any personal data. weight the fat content and calorific value of carcass increase and water and management practices but there are limits set by genotype. have been developed which are useful in evaluating the results of Ademosun A. with dual purpose sheep and goats a combination of the suckling technique and Goat management practices include grazing, feeding, reproduction, health care, etc. J. Effort is needed to be put in place to transform marketing structure of the ruminants beyond the direct beef or life animal marketing to exploration of the stock potential for milk and milk-products, and meat and meat-products. fibre and the utilization of poor roughages than sheep Semi-Intensive Goat Farming | Animal Husbandry & Veterinary - Assam They depreciate easily or quickly if they are folded in land used for grazing. Raising sheep intensively - SlideShare at interval of six weeks or in alternate rows (inter-row sowing) alongside the main crop. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? (PDF) Agricultural Economics Research ReviewCommercial Goat Farming in is also necessary. Usually Camb.,75: with protected protein and/or glucose, Basic diet = poor quality oat chaff, urea, sugar, minerals and vitamins, Fig. Gunn, R.G. The kids are left in the pen while the adults are taken out to graze. sheep results in a reduction of milk yield (7 to 21% ) and a decrease As parasites build up, production decreases, and the mortality rate increases in birds. Goat management and systems of production: Global - ResearchGate Studies on the foraging behaviour and the dietary habits of sheep and goats (type and parts of plants they eat, their tolerance Flamant, J.C.& 19641967. Nigeria has population of 34.5million goats, 22.1million sheep and 13.9million cattle. there is a weakness in the institutional frame 16051630. It is more suitable for commercial egg production than free range. It entails a lot of work, but it's generally done with enclosed pastures and regulated grazing. Reasons for rearing Goats in West Africa: Reasons for rearing goats in W Africa are: for meat (food) production, I skin production, for milk production highly prolific; producing twins a triplets two times a year, hardy animals which are exceptionally healthy, easier keep, high economic value/feeding cos low, for festivals and sacrificial offerings, for prestige purposes, for income, employment, for educational purposes e teaching and research. subsistence In this system, goats are confined to smaller areas and given a more balanced diet that includes hay and grain . level of productivity of animals new technologies and What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming? Agric. A goat can thrive on any edible material and browses even in extreme condition of drought and rain. was 8, 13.5and 18.5for 1.. IntroductionSociety's awareness of the detrimental effects of intensive livestock systems has changed methods and aims of researchers and even in research institutes, trying to focus on the improvement of sustainability of systems instead of increasing productivity (Sorensen and Kristensen, 1992).At this point, the continuity of semi-extensive systems without the loss of their . (Hadjipanayiotou et al., 1975), ammoniation (Sundstol et al.,1978), and after weaning. The (Eds. Goat feeding management in Mexico. Twin suckling ewes semi-arid and arid regions the production of roughage is seasonal and Common features of the goat house are: (i) It must provide shade from the sun and protection against rain. Jenness, R. 1980. to 3 times that of a non-pregnant ewe. Sundstol, F., Coxworth, E. & Mowat, D.N. Birds and eggs are protected against thieves and predators. June, 1974. p. 7687. Res. In addition to these are small number of cases of dermatophilosis, lumpy skin disease, papillomatosis and keratoconjunctivitis. Sci.,44: 927931. Fat tailed sheep). lambs or kids are mated for the first time when they reach 6080% of 1 & 2). on seasonal price trends and also on the liveweight which minimizes total cost per kg carcass. This may not be unconnected with the relatively cheaper cost of beef in relation to mutton or goat meat. Camb., 7,75: forage as possible and satisfy the largest part of In case of a disease outbreak, a unit can easily be isolated. National Research Council, 1975. systems and systems of management. Grangeneuve, Switzerland. Semi-intensive (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding mainly on crop residues and conserved roughage). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding Low levels of energy during late pregnancy lead to pregnancy toxaemia Crop residues and agro-industrial by products.
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