romanian ethnicity characteristics

V. Mrcule, The Vlachs in the military actions during the Comnen, in Revista de Istorie Militar, 2(60), 2000, p. 46-47 (hereinafter: The Vlachs during the Comnen). Following Constantinescu's single term as president from 1996 to 2000, Iliescu was re-elected in late 2000 for another term of four years. Human Y-chromosomal variation in European populations (PhD Thesis). Eventually the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUnderhill_et_al.2009 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFUnderhill_et_al.2014 (, Molotov-Ribbentrop Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact, third largest ethno-linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Schism of 1054, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "68 Million Romanians live outside Romania's borders", "Rezultate definitive ale Recensmntului Populaiei i al Locuinelor 2011 (caracteristici demografice ale populaiei)", "// Recensmntul populaiei i al locuinelor 2014", "Romeni in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione", "Publikation Bevlkerung Bevlkerung mit Migrationshintergrund Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus Fachserie 1 Reihe 2.2 2015 Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)", "Anzahl der Auslnder in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland in den Jahren 2014 und 2015", "Poblacin extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Ao. Early rulers from the Asen dynasty (particularly Kaloyan) referred to themselves as "Emperors of Bulgarians and Vlachs". This is our way of being friendly. (. Often portrayed as exotic and. [133] Under regular phonetical changes that are typical to the Romanian language, the name romanus over the centuries transformed into rumn [rumn]. [159], Romano-Gothic Densu Church, Hunedoara, Transylvania, Romano-Gothic Strei Church, Hunedoara, Transylvania, St. Nicholas Church, Braov, Transylvania, Nativity of St. John the Baptist Church, Piatra Neam, Moldavia. The Vlachs killed David in their first documented battle. Datos provisionales 2020", "Estadstica de residentes extranjeros en Espaa", Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration, "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom by country of birth and sex, January 2020 to December 2020", "According to the Secretary of State Romanian, Florin Crciu: In France alone we have 500,000 Romanians, more than what the French State declares today", "Ci romni muncesc n strintate i unde sunt cei mai muli", "Anzahl der Auslnder in sterreich nach den zehn wichtigsten Staatsangehrigkeiten am 1. This is because these terms aren't widely used outside of data collection. For the United States 2000 Census figures, almost 20% of the total population did not classify or report an ancestry, and the census is also subject to undercounting, an incomplete (67%) response rate, and sampling error in general. 671,9851,079,726 (2021) Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups. [15], Of a total population of three quarter million Jews before World War II, about a third were killed during the Holocaust. Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019. Etiquette and Manners in Romania Meeting and Greeting Initial greetings are formal and reserved: a handshake, direct eye contact, and the appropriate greeting for the time of day. [145] Raymond Detrez asserts that romn, derived from the Latin Romanus, acquired at a certain point the same meaning of the Greek Romaios; that of Orthodox Christian. Foreign men are not expected to kiss a Romanian woman's hand. 131,788 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, including many, 92,746 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups, 46,523 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 39,654 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups, 34,960 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 32,294 born in Romania, of all ethnic groups, 31,065 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 29,186 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 24,376 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 21,593 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 18,877 migrants of Romania, of all ethnic groups, 14,684 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 14,411 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 5,209 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 4,941 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 4,902 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 1,463 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, 200,000 migrants from Romania and Romanian citizens, of all ethnic groups, 10,000 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups, 20,998 first and second generation migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups. Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues. [146] Wolfgang Dahmen claims that the meaning of romanus (Roman) as "Christian", as opposed to "pagan", which used to mean "non-Roman", may have contributed to the preservation of this word as an ethonym of the Romanian people, under the meaning of "Christian". Romanians are talkative and assertive Romanians like to talk. [134] According to Tomasz Kamusella, at the time of the rise of Romanian nationalism during the early 19th century, the political leaders of Wallachia and Moldavia were aware that the name Romnia was identical to Romania, a name that had been used for the former Byzantine Empire by its inhabitants. [170] The frequency of I2a1 (I-P37) in the Balkans today is owed to indigenous European hunter-gatherers tribes, and was present before the Slavic migrations to the Balkans. Un rcit dessin de 192 pages en noir et blanc, publi aux ditions Vents d'Ouest . M. N. Guboglo, V. A. Dergachev; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. v.1: "Mysl.1987. Ilfov County has the highest crude birth rate (12.0), while Vlcea County has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6). The closest ethnic groups to the Romanians are the other Romanic peoples of Southeastern Europe: the Aromanians (Macedo-Romanians), the Megleno-Romanians, and the Istro-Romanians. Sharing a common Romanian culture and ancestry, and speaking the Romanian language, they live primarily in Romania and Moldova. "Vlach" was an exonym used almost exclusively for the Romanians during the Middle Ages. The paper also mentions how "signals of Asian maternal lineages were observed in all Romanian historical provinces, indicating gene flow along the migration routes through East Asia and Europe, during different time periods, namely, the Upper Paleolithic period and/or, with a likely greater preponderance, the Middle Ages", at low frequency (2.24%). Roman culture is the culture of the Roman Empire that was based on the Greek culture and to a lesser extent the Byzantine culture. [93] John Skylitzes mentions the Vlachs around 976 AD, as guides and guards of Byzantine caravans in the Balkans. Race and ethnicity are two concepts related to human ancestry. [38], Romania is one of the least urbanised countries in Europe. Romani people constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. It is believed that they diverged from the Romanians in the 7th to 9th century, and currently speak the Aromanian language and Megleno-Romanian language, both of which are Balkan Romance languages, like Romanian, and are sometimes considered by traditional Romanian linguists to be dialects of Romanian. This estimate notes however that "other immigrants of Romanian national minority groups have been included such as: Armenians, Germans, Gypsies, Hungarians, Jews, and Ukrainians". In English, Romanians are usually called Romanians and very rarely Rumanians or Roumanians, except in some historical texts, where they are called Roumans or Vlachs. [82] Most researchers identify the Blachij with the Vlachs. Almost 90% of all Romanians consider themselves religious. [23] Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. [161] Numbering about 500 people still living in the original villages of Istria while the majority left for other countries after World War II (mainly to Italy, United States, Canada, Spain, Germany, France, Sweden, Switzerland, Romania, and Australia), they speak the Istro-Romanian language, the closest living relative of Romanian. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in Maramure County (where they make up 6.77% of the population). [96][97] He associated the Vlachs with the Dacians and the Bessi. It is known as "Limba noastr".[130][131]. [98] [99][100] Accordingly, historians have located this homeland in several places, including Pannonia Inferior (Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu) and Dacia Aureliana (Mtys Gyni). The Greek Catholic or Uniate church, reunified with the Orthodox Church by fiat in 1948, was restored after the 1989 revolution. In sports, Romanians have excelled in a variety of fields, such as football (Gheorghe Hagi), gymnastics (Nadia Comneci, Lavinia Miloovici etc. The Romanian population has traditionally and historically been rural dwellers. [74], During the Middle Ages Romanians were mostly known as Vlachs, a blanket term ultimately of Germanic origin, from the word Walha, used by ancient Germanic peoples to refer to Romance-speaking and Celtic neighbours. Wallachia, the Southern region of Romania, takes its name from the same source. [111], The Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the Asen dynasty consisting of Bulgarians and Vlachs was founded in 1185 and lasted until 1396. Szukits Knyvkiad. - REAL-J, Gbor Almsi, Constructing the Wallach "Other" in the Late Renaissance in Balzs Trencsny, Mrton Zszkaliczky (edts), Whose Love of Which Country, Brill, Leiden, Boston 2010, p.127, Johannes Lucii, De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae, Amsteldaemi, 1666, pag. [141] From the Middle Ages, Romanians bore two names, the exonym (one given to them by foreigners) Wallachians or Vlachs, under its various forms (vlah, valah, valach, voloh, blac, olh, vlas, ilac, ulah, etc. Roman Catholics, largely ethnic Hungarians and Germans, constitute 4.7% of the population; Calvinists, Baptists (see Baptist Union of Romania and Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania), Pentecostals, and Lutherans make up another 5%. [122][123] The contemporary Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates however distinguishes "Great Vlachia" as a district near Meteora. During the Middle Ages, Romanian was isolated from the other Romance languages, and borrowed words from the nearby Slavic languages (see Slavic influence on Romanian). Failing in his attempt, the Byzantine prince sought refuge in Halych but Andronikos I Komnenos was "captured by the Vlachs, to whom the rumor of his escape had reached, he was taken back to the emperor". [135] Several other documents, notably from Italian travelers into Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, speak of the self-identification, language and culture of the Romanians, showing that they designated themselves as "Romans" or related to them in up to 30 works. Anual cresc 17 orae mici", World Population Prospects. Census 2021 and 2011 Census data on unpaid care and ethnic group in England and Wales. During the 1870s, the United Romanian Principalities (then led by Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Domnitor Carol I) fought a War of Independence against the Ottomans, with Romania's independence being formally recognised in 1878 at the Treaty of Berlin. According to the 2011 Romanian census, 2.5% of ethnic Romanians in Romania identified themselves as Catholic (in comparison to 5% of Romania's total population, including other ethnic groups). An eastern Romanian: 0.1% Southeast Asian + 0.1% Broadly East Asian + less than 0.1% Broadly East Asian and Native American Another eastern Romanian: 0.6% Mongolian + 0.1% Yakut + 0.2% Broadly East Asian Another eastern Romanian: 0.9% East Asian, 0.1% Native American, 0.2% Broadly East Asian and Native American AFAIK, there are different hypotheses and theories concerning the origins of Romanians. The country was under communist rule from 1948 until 1989, when the regime of Romanian leader Nicolae Ceauescu was overthrown. However, this seems to be the exception, rather than the rule, as in both Wallachia and Moldavia the state religion was Eastern Orthodox. See, for example, Fabio Bordignon, "Italian Decentralisation in Romania", SEF 2003, Warsaw. Rootsi, Siiri (2004). In the history of aviation, Traian Vuia and Aurel Vlaicu built and tested some of the earliest aircraft designs, while Henri Coand discovered the Coand effect of fluidics. [136] One example is Tranquillo Andronico's 1534 writing that states that the Vlachs "now call themselves Romans". The Roman Empire then spread this culture far and wide, affecting diverse areas of the modern world. Romanians can also be found in many countries, notably in the other EU countries, particularly in Italy, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom and France; in North America in the United States and Canada; in Israel; as well as in Brazil, Australia, Argentina, and New Zealand among many other countries. [95] The 11th-century scholar Kekaumenos wrote of a Vlach homeland situated "near the Danube and[]the Sava, where the Serbians lived more recently". Country comparison to the world: 106th, This page was last edited on 18 April 2023, at 05:54. Kamusella continues by stating that they preferred this ethnonym in order to stress their presumed link with Ancient Rome and that it became more popular as a nationalistic form of referring to all Romanian-language speakers as a distinct and separate nation during the 1820s. [118][119] An unknown author's Description of Eastern Europe from 1308 likewise states that the Vlachs "were once the shepherds of the Romans" who "had over them ten powerful kings in the entire Messia and Pannonia".[120][121]. [115] Bla IV of Hungary's land grant to the Knights Hospitallers in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local Vlach rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation. [126], Up until 1541, Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, later (due to the conquest of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire) was a self-governed Principality governed by the Hungarian nobility. [7], The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022 triggered a major refugee crisis in Europe. [91][92], A series of Byzantine historians, such as George Kedrenos (circa 1000), Kekaumenos (circa 1000), John Skylitzes (early 1040s after 1101), Anna Komnene (1083-1153), John Kinnamos (1143-1185) and Niketas Choniates (1155-1217) were some of the first to write about the Vlachs. [16] Mass emigration, mostly to Israel and United States, has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3-4 times higher). They live predominantly in Europe and Anatolia, but have diaspora populations located worldwide with significant concentrations in the Americas. The Diocese of Dacia (circa 337602) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, in the area of modern-day Balkans. According to the 2011 Romanian census, they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians,[21] with significant populations in Mure (8.9%) and Clrai (7,47%) counties. The Roma culture has a rich oral tradition, with an emphasis on family. [79] According to the early 13th century medieval Hungarian book Gesta Hungarorum the invading Magyars of King rpd We avoid using 'broad' and 'specific' when referring to ethnic groups. 4954, Ibn al Nadim, al-Fihrist. On the one hand, the Transylvanian Saxons and the Transylvanian Romanians (with consistent support on behalf of the Austrian Empire) successfully managed to oppose the goals of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, with the two noteworthy historical figures leading the common Romanian-Saxon side at the time being Avram Iancu and Stephan Ludwig Roth. [138] Authors that travelled to modern Romania who wrote about it in 1574,[139] 1575[140] and 1666 also noted the use of the term "Romanian". [101][96][102], The princess and chronicler Anna Komnene reports that in April 1091, on the eve of the decisive Byzantine-Pecheneg Battle of Levounion, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1057-1118) was assisted by "a number of 5,000 brave mountaineers and ready to attack, passed by his side, to fight alongside him". With respect to geopolitical identity, many individuals of Romanian ethnicity in Moldova prefer to identify themselves as Moldovans.[61][62]. The folk costumes of the country are a feast to eyes as they exhibit elaborate embroidery and beadwork. The name of "Vlachs" is an exonym that was used by Slavs to refer to all Romanized natives of the Balkans. 341836. Nowadays, the term Vlach is more often used to refer to the Romanized populations of the Balkans who speak Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Istro-Romanian, and Megleno-Romanian. Then, it gradually changed to Romanian. Several inhibiting factors (not unique to this particular case) contribute towards this uncertainty, which may include: For example, the decennial US Census of 2000 calculated (based on a statistical sampling of household data) that there were 367,310 respondents indicating Romanian ancestry (roughly 0.1% of the total population).[151]. Nonetheless, in 1859, Moldavia and Wallachia elected the same ruler, namely Alexander John Cuza (who reigned as Domnitor) and were thus unified de facto, resulting in the United Romanian Principalities for the period between 1859 and 1881. The first definite document mentioning Romanians (Vlachs) is from the 8th century from the Konstamonitou monastery and talks about the Vlachs of the Rynchos river (present-day North Macedonia). Lazr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and also invented the modern method of refining crude oil. Pe un antier din Bucureti, lucreaz zeci de vietnamezi", "Nepalezii, soluia de criz a angajatorilor din Romnia. [132] The 24.15 million, however, represent only speakers of Romanian, not all of whom are necessarily ethnic Romanians. Iliescu remained in power as head of state until 1996, when he was defeated by CDR-supported Emil Constantinescu in the 1996 general elections, the first in post-communist Romania that saw a peaceful transition of power. Minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the Banat, areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of the Kingdom of Hungary (after 1867 the Austria-Hungary) until the end of World War I. It holds its origin from ancient Germanicbeing a cognate to "Welsh" and "Walloon"and perhaps even further back in time, from the Roman name Volcae, which was originally a Celtic tribe. The basic vocabulary is of Latin origin,[128] although there are some substratum words that are sometimes assumed to be of Dacian origin. . [147], To distinguish Romanians from the other Romanic peoples of the Balkans (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians), the term Daco-Romanian is sometimes used to refer to those who speak the standard Romanian language and live in the former territory of ancient Dacia (today comprising mostly Romania and Moldova) and its surroundings (such as Dobruja or the Timok Valley, the latter region part of the former Roman province of Dacia Ripensis).[148][149]. [6] With a population of about 19,000,000 people in 2022, Romania received 989,357 Ukrainian refugees on 27 May 2022, according to the United Nations (UN). Additionally, in medieval times there were other lands known by the name 'Vlach' such as Great Vlachia, situated between Thessaly and the western Pindus mountains, of the Despotate of Epirus between the 12th-15th century. In 1699 it became a part of the Habsburg lands. Later on, it borrowed a number of words from German, Hungarian, and Turkish. During the interwar period, two additional monarchs came to the Romanian throne, namely Carol II and Michael I. King Decebalus who reigned from 87 to 106 AD was the last king of the Dacian kingdom before it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 106,[63] after two wars between Decebalus' army and Trajan's army. [160] Like in all other Romance languages, the basic Romanian words related to Christianity are inherited from Latin, such as God (Dumnezeu < Domine Deus), church (biseric < basilica), cross (cruce < crux, -cis), angel (nger < angelus), saint (regional: sfn(t) < sanctus), Christmas (Crciun < creatio, -onis), Christian (cretin < christianus), Easter (pate < paschae), sin (pcat < peccatum), to baptise (a boteza < batizare), priest (preot < presbiterum), to pray (a ruga < rogare), faith (credin < credentia), and so on. Romanians and Romania: A Brief History. The color of skin is a little dark, but only 20% of women have such color of skin, the rest are of typical Central European type. Besides the separation of some groups (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians) during the Age of Migration, many Vlachs could be found all over the Balkans, in Transylvania,[75] across Carpathian Mountains[76] as far north as Poland and as far west as the regions of Moravia (part of the modern Czech Republic), some went as far east as Volhynia of western Ukraine, and the present-day Croatia where the Morlachs gradually disappeared, while the Catholic and Orthodox Vlachs took Croat and Serb national identity. This article is about the demographic features of the population of Romania, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. [70][71] The capital of the province was Tomis (today Constana). A far better indicator of the Roman outlook is the remarkable practice of extending citizenship to manumitted slaves almost all of whom (or their ancestors) came from abroad. Romania was occupied by Soviet troops in 1944 and became a satellite of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) in 1948. Just a slight majority, 56.4 percent, lives in urban areas (12,546,212 people in total). Tartu University Press. Also, this number does not include ethnic-Romanians who no longer speak the Romanian language. [134] Examples of this would include Petr Shornikov,[144] Mikhail Guboglo and Valentin Dergachev. [72] According to the Laterculus Veronensis of c.314 and the Notitia Dignitatum of c.400, Scythia belonged to the Diocese of Thrace. In 1916, Romania joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente. Another important document mentioning Romanians (Vlachs) from the South [18] In Romania, there are also guest workers from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal.[19][20]. It also includes an unspecified allowance for second- and third-generation Romanians, and an indeterminate number living in Canada. Miklouho-Maclay, Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. The later Roman province Dacia Aureliana, was organized inside former Moesia Superior. The principal minorities in Romania are Hungarians ( Szeklers, Csangos, and Magyars; especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mure counties) and Romani people, with a declining German population (in Timi, Sibiu, Braov, or Suceava) and smaller numbers of Poles in Bukovina (Austria-Hungary attracted Polish miners, who settled there from the Krakw [29], Source: National Institute of Statistics[33]. III, Bucharest, 1975, VI, pp 3. Birth rates are generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. Three theories account for the ethnogenesis of the Romanian people. Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics).

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