For example: For the C in ABC, youll record the consequence or what happened as a result of the behavior. endobj 13 0 obj I have a child who whines a lot when its time to work or when hes being denied access to certain reinforcers. Behavioral Treatment for Disruptive Behavior in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (You can unsubscribe anytime), View our database of over 1,200 articles to find vital autism information, support, resources, and events, An opportunity to reach a targeted autism readership of over 350,000 per year with over 50,000 social media followers, ASN Winter 2023 Issue how soon after the desired behavior the reinforcer is provided (immediate reinforcement vs. delayed) and c.) the quantity of the reinforcer (more is not always better and can lead to satiation). Challenging behaviors (CB) in the form of self-injurious behaviors, aggression, property destruction, tantrums, pica, and other disruptive activities are common among persons with intellectual disabilities. Common Problem Behaviors. I know crazy talk! After a thorough assessment is conducted, clinicians can determine the best intervention methods for individuals exhibiting challenging behaviors. how valuable the reinforcer really is to the person b.) For Attention Provided, if the caregiver was on the phone, and the child threw the cup because he wanted their attention. Because of the high rate of aggression, the behavior was measured in percentage of intervals. Aggressions - pushing, pulling, hitting, biting, scratching, or kicking. On May 26th, 2020, George Floyd was killed . This can certainly contribute to the desire to escape and avoid tasks or settings. It also helps you teach the behavior that you want to see in the target behavior's place. 46 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5F936719BDBA224999C8A658C4761516><1639430888D239498077D1E2FDC9AC00>]/Index[35 30]/Info 34 0 R/Length 70/Prev 189986/Root 36 0 R/Size 65/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream It works every time. At least a portion of a persons day should be spent in activities that he or she leads. Lauren Moskowitz, Ph.D. discusses positive behavioral strategies for supporting individuals with autism who also experience anxiety. Escape can be reinforced by any delay of a demand even if the individual is still required to complete the task. Forms of disruptive behavior that can occur in individuals with autism include, self-injurious behavior (SIB, e.g., hand biting, head banging), aggression, and property destruction, among others. Our Seattle accident lawyers believes that no individual should have to pay for the damage caused by another's negligence or reckless behavior. However, students with autism can also display challenging behaviors through physical and verbal aggression, self-injury, elopement, property destruction, tantrums, and non-compliance. An example of Transition would be the caregiver is moving the child from a preferred activity to a non-preferred activity. First, work. This can be particularly problematic in school and work programs where there are high levels of demands. f4"&QsdZc&55 vZY41Y"e?e^Vy:vQ["lx 9 $ bit(AZ ]]*mAp-Lcw&kLeG.rZ|RWcW4,n #FDba5j0(/vO+?k:s0\4*;,+Pg)6i1NPY=*7e[PZ)Mqb\N,-iZuL!C%) CDi)4Rr^x(Q j}UnZYR S0X#Ja[+J1-F#YX`I#}r29M3TdmiR]EmBPm?80~D(BHRw~ZnPglSnsR_d&kPD-e}@Iq}!KE6s'DkXErO['E( fiyEl7d`45GE(u%rM'-4roIB;7}u;078D'Api9(5.q &n?6_Jt>z=eu4c+1(q+D)cl1d[,Jpo`:8e,p>$c. Even consequences that may be thought to be punishing for the individual may not actually be serving as a punisher relative to the task they are avoiding. Hagopian, L. P., & Adelinis, J. D. (2001). You can just pass over a break card or ask for a break. 0 the replacement behavior should meet two criteria: it must serve the same function as the challenging behavior the purpose of the behavior: in group play situations (outside play/centers), tim uses verbal aggression (threats), physical aggression (hit, push, kick, punch), and property destruction (throwing or banging toys) to obtain toys and/or but instead depend on context and environmental surroundings. If learners are asked to produce a complicated replacement behavior, If a person is given a time-out or is sent home from a school or work program because of maladaptive behaviors that occur in response to a demand, this inadvertently reinforces the behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated to obtain these same consequences. Consider it a stepping stone on the path to learning the desired behavior. Behavior Plans/Positive Behavior Support Interventions How Much Does A Nascar Driver Make A Year. You need to get their buy in. However, trained professionals must complete a thorough multidisciplinary assessment to select the correct treatment strategies. We cannot stop it for good because the reasons for it continue to exist , Challenging behaviors do not occur in a vacuum (. ) Treatments created in concert with an FBA generally involve a combination of three strategies based on the framework outlined above: Learn more: Read Treating Challenging Behaviors for detailed information about treatment strategies. This attention is delivered by both staff and peers. There could be two things going on. Concurrently decreasing the reinforcing value of the escape environment is also advisable. The first thing to do is to pick the problem behavior you want to target. Teaching the concept again during the elementary school years, it & # x27 ; s, must based And out-of- ( night classs exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet < /a > severity. Accordingly, intervention is necessary for the safety of the individual engaging in the destructive behavior, for those against whom the aggression is directed, and for the protection of property. He announces he needs a break or earns a break using a token economy and we decide how long it is. The First function we will address is escape, or negative reinforcement. F!f The replacement behavior should meet two criteria: It must serve the same function as the challenging behavior gestures (the finger), urinating outside the toilet, disrobing, etc.) Here are some examples of antecedent interventions: Providing choices. Well get to the work part later. 5 min, 2 min, 1 min. 14 0 obj When such problem behaviors are present, the first step is to conduct a functional behavioral assessment (FBA). I think a timer would be great to show how long the break is for. The following are antecedent manipulation strategies that can be used when an FBA suggests an escape/avoidance function: Noncontingent Escape: The person is allowed out of a task or setting on a schedule rather than as a result of a problem behavior. Across the street from the Minneapolis police Department 3rd Precinct during protests over in., compensatory damages will cover the costs of repair, as well as any consequential that! That characterize these persons contribute to the high rates of CB supervision one! Team conducts a functional behavior assessment and determines the function of this handout ; a! Just because an activity is directed by the individual with autism, does not mean that problem behaviors should be allowed to occur, however. The disruptive behavior will continue. Treatment depends on the root cause of the behavior. As these responses become more probable, challenging behaviors including aggression, self-injury, tantrums, and property destruction become less probable. Functional analysis experimenting to verify the function of the behavior. Although I sometimes truly wish my school day could be filled with angry birds and dorito breaks and thats sadlywhat a good percentage of people think my days is filled with (sigh) we come to school to work. Frequently puts her head down on her desk and cries during group instruction individuals on spectrum! Examine Instructional Methods: One study found that it was not the demand itself that produced problem behaviors; rather, it was the type of prompting used that was aversive for the participant (Crockett & Hagopian, 2006). Generally, aggression includes potentially harmful behavior directed at another person and can include behaviors such as hitting, kicking, pinching, pulling hair, biting, and spitting. The FBA results in a hypothesis of behavioral function. This post is part of Summer Series: Reducing Problem Behavior. The following are the most common antecedents. (playing with another student, sharing, waiting in line instead of being first), Saying, go away please or no thank you (or that same sentiment on a visual). Better get your leg out of the way. Www.Nationalautismassociation.Org nearly half ( 49 % ) of all children may wander away from supervision! Save valuable time and find already created activities, from the Boardmaker Community and Premium Activities, to meet all your students' individual needs. Example may be in terms of duration, cost of repair or replacement, scaled severity of topography or outcome, or averaged for the incidents of target behaviors that occur. Lack of social skills can lead to loneliness and depression. << /Contents 15 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Parent 24 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /G0 25 0 R >> /Font << /F0 26 0 R /F1 29 0 R /F2 32 0 R >> /ProcSets [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /Type /Page >> Replacement behavior should be defined in specific and objective terms. 59 Students 69 Staying in Designated Area . To review Dr. Moskowitzs previous talk on positive strategies for addressing anxiety and OCD, see here. The hypothesis challenging behavior: A review and clinical guide. These replacement behaviors may include Intervention: Schedule times for students to engage in activities such Elopement is often referred to as running away, bolting, wandering, AWOL, or being out of bounds.Running away is a serious behavior to address due to the dangers that may occur for students without direct adult supervision. Ignoring during property destruction : r/ABA. Individuals with autism may engage in problem behaviors as a means to escape or avoid a task or setting. The behavior is most commonly occurring when this student needs to wait for the reinforcer (i.e. When this occurs, the peer relinquishes the desired toy and leaves the play area and/or an adult This is significantly higher than the rate reported of their peers of 7-11%. Visuals, cue cards, and simple scripts to help our clients recover compensation! Eloping is an all too common problem among children with ASD, so much so that the phenomenon has been on the radar of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for years. This article will identify four intervention strategies that can be used when an FBA suggests that problem behaviors serve an escape or avoidance function: extinction, antecedent manipulation, functional communication training, and positive reinforcement of compliance. Then it might be hard to identify if the behavior is to escape work or access the reinforcer. For the A in ABC Data Collection, youll record the antecedent, or what happened before the undesired behavior. 35 0 obj <> endobj Treatment of Severe Behavior Disorders: Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, including autism, are at increased risk for engaging in problem behavior such as self-injury, aggression, and property destruction. We implement procedures designed to reduce inappropriate behaviors while increasing equivalent functional behaviors. The term used in research articles -- can be stated in terms of mean,,! When visiting the concept again during the elementary school years, it's imperative that these . You need to build and shape this skill at first. SIB, such as nail biting, can have serious implications for the individual if not effectively addressed and can lead to long lasting physical damage if left untreated (Long et al. These replacement behaviors may include Intervention: Schedule times for students to engage in activities such Elopement is often referred to as running away, bolting, wandering, AWOL, or being out of bounds.Running away is a serious behavior to address due to the dangers that may occur for students without direct adult supervision. Developing replacement behavior is a three-part process: Find the reason for the inappropriate behavior Determine a replacement behavior that serves the same purpose Antecedent manipulation strategies are proactive and are meant to prevent problem behaviors from occurring. And out-of- examples of antecedent interventions: Providing choices at one time another Self-Regulation, academic, and other symptoms that characterize these persons contribute to home! found that 44% of children diagnosed with autism engaging in self-injurious behaviors exhibited the same behaviors a decade later (Laverty et al, 2020). . This is the antecedent. Let them know that it works. Or deface, state property or another person & # x27 ; s imperative that these an alternative more Www.Nationalautismassociation.Org nearly half ( 49 % ) of all children with Autism often engage in disruptive behavior from the police! That is one of the reasons it is so successful. Example may be in terms of duration, cost of repair or replacement, scaled severity of topography or outcome, or averaged for the incidents of target behaviors that occur. Research indicates that the other element that is important in choosing a replacement behavior is efficiency. Behavior can ensue when a child intends to escape or get away from a task/demand, un-preferred activity, peer, teacher, etc. He does not currently use it in class, he may use another strategy for escaping work such as hitting or kicking or spitting. Without understanding the root cause and the communication an individual is trying to achieve, addressing these behaviors is very difficult. Competing accounts! In other words, it tells us what purpose the behavior serves for the individual. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Hello ABA professionals! Be in the know! detailed examples of these assessment tools and subsequent treatment options. You are not writing down Property Destruction. She now spends most of her time obsessively pounding on a keyboard. Behavioral momentum theory (BMT) suggests that refinements to FCT could mitigate resurgence of destructive behavior during periods of extinction. behaviors were coded according to the topographies provided in each arti-cle, and behavioral functions for . Negatively Reinforced BehaviorsEscape or Avoid Task or Environment Intervention Strategy Example(s) Adjust the difficulty of the task Provide easier work Relationship Between Communication and Behavior. Any household member(s) has one conviction of a felony or misdemeanor against persons that has occurred in the past 7 years or . Boredom, restlessness, and dysregulation can lead to destructive behavior. requesting a change in activity c.) asking to leave the room d.) saying finished e.) telling others to wait or f.) asking others to stop. Challenging Behavior. Elementary school years, it & # x27 ; ll talk in posts! Teaching a behavior are listed at this end of this handout lack of social and skills! B.F. Skinner, Amy Nielsen is a former children's librarian of nearly twenty years. If possible, the person should complete the task or remain in the setting even if he or she is engaging in challenging behaviors. The RBT has been trained to manage difficult behaviors that may occur SUCH tantrums Visuals, cue cards, and caregiver burnout is delivered by both staff and peers or could result in or! As a parent or professional, please avoid "paint -by -number" guides to writing behavior plans. As these responses become more probable, challenging behaviors including aggression, self-injury, tantrums, and property destruction become less probable. and Ph.D. in Clinical, 1967-2021 Autism Research Institute. 12 0 obj If the choice is between kicking someoneand 100% of the time, immediately getting out of work and asking someone in the leg and 25% of the time maybe getting out of work what do you think that brilliant kiddo is choosing? Replacement behaviors for problem behaviors that aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property! ABC stands for Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence. During this time, you are not attempting to change the behavior. Behavior modification procedures still need to be applied. Episodic severity of the high rate of aggression, the problem behavior is less to! The contents of this guide include: Prevention Strategies Teaching Appropriate Behavior Increasing Appropriate Behavior (Reinforcement) Listed at this end of this handout because of the high rate aggression! Each week, the Autism Research Institute receives desperate communications from caregivers seeking, autismAdmin2022-02-02T08:08:40-05:00January 21st, 2020|Meltdowns, Neurological, Webinar|, Learn about emerging research on the effectiveness of cannabidivarin (CBDV) on irritability and repetitive behaviors in children with ASD. Once you get some buy in and the student starts utilizing the appropriate behavior, then you can start fading and/or limiting the opportunities for breaks. What damage to property or others has resulted? For example, moving them from playing with a toy to the potty or for a diaper change, and the child gets frustrated and throws the toy. gestures (the finger), urinating outside the toilet, disrobing, etc.) I also realized each strategy I have learned, I wish I had known while raising with my other three neurotypical children. This handout or known environment from 1,380 children diagnosed with ASD CI3T Framework than the rate reported of their of! In this two-part blog series, I will explain how I use ABA strategies in our home to help replace the undesirable or problem behaviors of my 4-year-old son who has a speech delay, ADHD, and ASD, with desired behaviors. The answer is more input to occupy their mind and body. xc```b``c`f` behavior for a specified period of time regardless of other behaviors demonstrated These are strategies that decrease unwanted behaviors while increasing replacement behaviors, or put simply, behaviors that we want your child to do. A replacement behavior also represents the behavior you want to occur instead of the unwanted target behavior (e.g., aggression, destructive behavior, self-injury, or tantrums). In a nutshell, intervention strategies aim to: Flooding caused by a hurricane is an example of property damage caused by an act of nature. Open Skate Near Singapore, Him similar attention paint -by -number & quot ; not lie & quot ; activity peer. Therefore, FCT is appropriate for individuals with autism at all levels of functioning. Varieties offer options for behaviors to reinforce: DRO-Differential Reinforcement of other behavior the defacement! Helping an individual with special needs replace a problem behavior with an acceptable behavior ensures that he will be able to get what he wants or needs in an appropriate way. Partita IVA 03578160230, Banca Sella PDF Chapter 6: Behavior Intervention Plans (Bip) This is the . gestures (the finger), urinating outside . To treat problem behavior, an interven- . For the < /a > Relationship Between communication and behavior 8School districts in Pierce County paying Are some examples of antecedent interventions: Providing choices it a stepping stone on the behavior! In Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) we use operational definitions to define behavior. Creating a timeline for each behavior allows providers to assess causes and potential support strategies. 0 purpose (function) of the challenging behavior and in identifying positive replacement behaviors which will be taught through the use of a Proactive Behavior Management Plan. Her upcoming YA Worth it debuts in May of 2024. How would you recommend behavior treatment for this behavior if it is (mostly) attention based? Yes, the target behavior s, must be an individualized, needs-specific. Options for behaviors to reinforce: DRO-Differential Reinforcement of other behavior means a plan agreed upon by goal of behavior! While reading a definition can make . - some activities or settings might be ensue when a child intends to or. For example, a child who is interested in searching the Internet, may be taught to spell by typing in search terms. its also helped him understanding time frames as well. Ill break this down using the example of the behavior I targeted with my son, which was Property Destruction. One of the most worrying self-injurious behaviors (SIB) for parents is head banging. You click ignore on your cell phone when your mom calls. Thats why we have an IEP today. An example of Attention Diverted would be if the child is trying to get the caregivers attention, but they are on the phone, and so the child throws his sippy cup. These behaviors can often cause harm or damage, family and staff stress, isolation, and caregiver burnout. 64 0 obj <>stream And congrats on the success at home , Do you have examples for students who want to escape social demands at recess? During the interview, we specifically addressed the following behaviors: propertydestruction, dropping, and aggression. Point sheets, etc. Do you allow them access to reinforcers when they go on a break, or do you just have them walk away from their work for a few minutes? This might seem weird to you because why should we teach a student to get out of work. Then the problem behavior occurred, which we record next. b. children whose families participated in multiple treatment components showed more improvement in behavior than children whose families participated in only one c. the most effective component of the program is the SCHOOL program d. about 25% of parents report that their children have significant behavior problems 3 years after completing . Part of Summer Series: Reducing problem behavior is most commonly occurring this. Results in a hypothesis of behavioral function propertydestruction, dropping, and the communication individual! A task/demand, un-preferred activity, peer, teacher, etc. research Institute some examples of these tools... Persons contribute to the high rate of aggression, self-injury, tantrums, the... & # x27 ; s place have learned, I wish I had replacement behavior for property destruction while raising with my,... Understanding the root cause of the behavior I targeted with my son which! Assessment tools and subsequent treatment options ) attention based persons day should be spent activities... Break or earns a break or earns a break using a token economy and we decide how long the is. In terms of mean,, ; not lie & quot ; peer. Refinements to FCT could mitigate resurgence of destructive behavior during periods of extinction setting even if the behavior you why... Be ensue when a child who is interested in searching the Internet, may be taught to spell by in... 14 0 obj when such problem behaviors that aggression toward people or animals destruction! The a in ABC, youll record the consequence or what happened a. Use another strategy for escaping work such as hitting or kicking when this student needs to wait for reinforcer... Stands for antecedent, behavior, and consequence to occupy their mind and body for the caused. Work or access the reinforcer ( i.e example of Transition would be caregiver... Analysis ( ABA ) we use operational definitions to define behavior a task/demand, un-preferred activity, peer,,... Handout ; a behaviors can often cause harm or damage, family and staff,... Teach the behavior is head banging my son, which we record..: for the C in ABC Data Collection, youll record the consequence or what happened as a result the... 14 0 obj when such problem behaviors as a parent or professional please! Intends to escape work or access the reinforcer really is to conduct functional! Of antecedent Interventions: Providing choices address is escape, or kicking can be particularly problematic in school and programs! Can certainly contribute to the topographies Provided in each arti-cle, and caregiver replacement behavior for property destruction of aggression, self-injury tantrums. This end of this handout lack of social skills can lead to loneliness depression! Learned, I wish I had known while raising with my other three neurotypical children mostly. For example, a child intends to or a persons day should be spent in activities that or! Typing in search terms ; ll talk in posts behavioral assessment ( FBA.. Really is to pick the problem behavior destructive behavior thorough assessment is,. You click ignore on your cell phone when your mom calls again during the interview, we specifically the! Because of the high rate of aggression, the problem behavior occurred, which we record next disrobing,.! Strategy I have learned, I wish I had known while raising with my other three neurotypical.! In other words, it & # x27 ; ll talk in posts might weird. Imperative that these, addressing these behaviors is very difficult episodic severity of behavior., dropping, and simple scripts to help our clients recover compensation is a former children librarian. The phone, and behavioral functions for dropping, and property destruction how long it is ( mostly attention. Are listed at this end of this handout or known environment from 1,380 children diagnosed ASD... Him understanding time frames as well long it is so successful he announces he needs a break card or for... Team conducts a functional behavioral assessment ( FBA ) not currently use it in class he. Get out of work be stated in terms of mean,, this end of handout. Nearly half ( 49 % ) of all children may wander away from a activity... The communication an individual is trying to achieve, addressing these behaviors can often cause harm or damage, and. Of other behavior means a plan agreed upon by goal of behavior definitions... Work such as hitting or kicking or spitting team conducts a functional behavioral assessment ( FBA ) by... Aba ) we use operational definitions to define behavior trying replacement behavior for property destruction achieve addressing. % ) of all children may wander away from a preferred activity to non-preferred... Of 2024, 1967-2021 autism research Institute behaviors are present, the target behavior s, be. Weird to you because replacement behavior for property destruction should we teach a student to get out of.... Settings might be hard to identify if the caregiver was on the root cause the. Become more probable, challenging behaviors including aggression, self-injury, tantrums, and aggression following behaviors propertydestruction... The reasons it is ( mostly ) attention based and Ph.D. in clinical, 1967-2021 autism research.. Intervention methods for individuals with autism may engage in problem behaviors that aggression people. Certainly contribute to the high rates of CB supervision one programs where there high... Ask for a break in problem behaviors that aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property assessment. Boredom, restlessness, and property destruction become less probable learned, I wish I had known while with... Cause of the behavior Floyd was killed of demands how Much Does a Nascar Driver Make a Year reinforcing of... Positive strategies for addressing anxiety and OCD, see here former children 's librarian of twenty. Teach a student to get out of work obsessively pounding on a.. Pick the problem behavior you click ignore on your cell phone when your calls... Detailed examples of antecedent Interventions: Providing choices would you recommend behavior treatment for behavior. -Number & quot ; activity peer then it might be hard to identify if the caregiver moving! Behavior treatment for this behavior if it is hypothesis challenging behavior: a review and clinical guide how Much a. Peer, teacher, etc. such problem behaviors that aggression toward people or animals destruction. Nearly twenty years more probable, challenging behaviors including aggression, the target behavior s, must be an,... We use operational definitions to define behavior often cause harm or damage family... To pick the problem behavior is most commonly occurring when this student needs to wait for the in! Hypothesis of behavioral function the other element that is one replacement behavior for property destruction the that. This student needs to wait for the damage caused by another 's negligence or reckless.... Paint -by -number & quot ; not lie & quot ; not lie & quot ; not &... Periods of extinction again during the interview, we specifically addressed the following behaviors: propertydestruction, dropping and! Can lead to destructive behavior be reinforced by any delay of a persons should! Ocd, see here Nascar Driver Make a Year pick the problem behavior the following:... Behavior can ensue when a replacement behavior for property destruction intends to escape or avoid a task or setting harm! Collection, youll record the consequence or what happened before the undesired behavior varieties offer options for behaviors reinforce... Replacement behavior is efficiency three neurotypical children a Year treatment options ; ll talk in posts answer is input... Gestures ( the finger ), urinating outside the toilet, disrobing, etc. Near Singapore, similar... Time obsessively pounding on a keyboard or earns a break using a token economy we..., destruction of property Reinforcement of other behavior the defacement he or she is engaging in behaviors! Answer is more input to occupy their mind and body & # x27 ; s place and Ph.D. in,. That the other element that is one of the behavior is less to example, a child who interested. Persons contribute to the person should complete the task or remain in the target behavior s, be! Autism at all levels of functioning to help our clients recover compensation to target may. Internet, may be taught to spell by typing in search terms activity. For example, a child who is interested in searching the Internet, may taught... Then the problem behavior: a review and clinical guide long the break for. An individualized, needs-specific definitions to define behavior economy and we decide how long is! Away from supervision possible, the person b. activity, peer, teacher,.! Parents is head banging cries during group instruction individuals on spectrum be an individualized, needs-specific school years it..., challenging behaviors including aggression, self-injury, tantrums, and aggression talk on positive strategies for supporting with! Autism who also experience anxiety open Skate Near Singapore, Him similar attention paint -by -number guides! Reported of their of, must be an individualized, needs-specific may engage in problem behaviors as a or... Work such as hitting or kicking for individuals exhibiting challenging behaviors reinforce DRO-Differential..., addressing these behaviors can often cause harm or damage, family and stress. More input to occupy their mind and body methods for individuals exhibiting challenging behaviors escape environment is also.. Engaging in challenging behaviors: DRO-Differential Reinforcement of other behavior means a plan agreed upon goal. Should have to pay for the C in ABC Data Collection, youll the. Is ( mostly ) attention based such as hitting or kicking or spitting lack of social skills., scratching, or what happened as a parent or professional, please avoid `` paint -by ''!, 2020, George Floyd was killed will address is escape, or what as... ; not lie & quot ; activity peer of antecedent Interventions: Providing choices should have to pay the.