Downstep affects the second of two adjacent High tones in Tswana S31 (Zerbian & Kgler 2015) and Bemba M42 (Kula & Hamann 2016). Gunnink Austin: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. M. Figure 3.23 Thus a High after a depressor begins considerably lower than a Low elsewhere. In South-West Bantu languages, Yeyi has these three click types as well as a contrastive laminal post-alveolar type //, variously called alveolar or palatal in different sources. , Figure 3.12 Lindberg ), Supplemental Proceedings of Phonology 2013, 110. The pharynx width, measured as the distance from the tongue root surface to the back wall of the pharynx at the height of the top of the epiglottis, in /e/ is intermediate between that in /i/ and //, and that in /o/ is intermediate between /u/ and //. van Schaik. Thomas, K. In (2016) Tone and Intonation in Shingazidja. (PDF) Comparative Bantu: Test cases for method - ResearchGate (2002) An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa. (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. , In Bantu, this is typically not the case; the vocal folds are in the normal position for voicing. (eds. (eds. & A. , . Most of the languages have relatively limited sets of fricatives of the cross-linguistically common types, although lateral fricatives (and affricates) have developed in or been borrowed into a number of the southern languages, such as Sotho-Tswana S30, Xhosa S41 and Zulu S42. Ndana, Ndana 4 (1937), pp. PDF CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction 1.1 The Xitsonga language K. Although these acoustic measurements are suggestive, it should be borne in mind that inferences from simple formant measures concerning vowel articulation must be made with caution. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Ladefoged, P. Cambridge; Oxford: Blackwell. Guthrie, M. Similar segments are very rare in the worlds languages, but do occur in the Dagestanian language Tabasaran (Kodzasov & Muravjeva 1982). (2016) Aspects of the Intonational Phonology of Bs. P. A. The verb also carries the subject and object prefixes. These studies also address several issues in the relation between intonation and tone. Figures 3.143.16 In Zulu S42, the phonetic effects of depressor consonants on pitch differ from pitch lowering effects caused by implosive consonants (Chen & Downing 2011). 28(2): 215239. & . K. C. Mongo-Nkundu C61 has reduction of final lowering, while Zulu S42 and Southern Sotho S33 cancel penultimate lengthening in question prosody. Schadeberg (1904) Kingoni und Kisutu. ] and to be invariably long. Western Bantu tradition and use the results to reflect on the nature and the characteristics of the phenomenon one calls tradition. Mbalangwe K401 has clicks, but whether it is a sociolect of Subiya K42 (Maho 1998: 51) or of Yeyi (Baumbach 1997: 307) is unclear. Pretorius In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). Makuya High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). (eds.) Articulatory positions of six of the vowels of Fang A75 (variety of Bitam). Biesele (2007) Weie Geister Diachrone Stereotype in Nordnamibia und Sdangola. Clicks have been reported to occur in Ikuhane, or Botswanan Subiya (Ndana et al. , Maphalala, Z. In each case the putatively [ATR] vowel has a substantially higher first formant (hence a lower position on the chart) than its harmonic counterpart. & Y. Brasington ), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, 235295. Fehn Sowetan Zulu S42, too, has a reduced number of click consonants, likely due to contact with Southern Sotho S33 (Gunnink 2014). & Much scholarly work has been done since the late 19th century to describe and classify the Bantu languages. Figure 3.4 (eds. The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Acoustic evidence for tongue root retraction of vowels in several Bantu languages has been provided by Starwalt (2008). Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. The center portion of the tongue is then lowered while the two main closures are maintained (timesteps 23), enlarging the volume of the space between them. & The mean results are given in The separate South-East and South-West groups of Bantu languages with clicks can be seen in the map of Southern Africa in Meeussen, A. E. In PDF 3-The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation Focus in Bantu is often marked using morphosyntactic means rather than through the use of prosody (Downing & Hyman 2016, Downing & Rialland 2016b). & (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. A voiced pharyngeal fricative // is found in Nyokon A45 (Lovestrand 2011). The current variation between clicks and velars in Imusho Fwe may eventually lead to the loss of clicks in the variety altogether, as clicks are replaced by velars. By Malcolm. C. Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. Phonology Downing, L. J. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. Laboissiere Omar , In the Gur language Minyanka, the pharyngeal fricative [] is a variant of // (Dombrowsky-Hahn 1999: 52). Hombert Ladefoged T. C. (eds. Many Bantu languages have relatively simple segmental inventories. . Yeyi R41 contrasts clicks with a velar fricated and ejective velar fricated release (/ This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was the only practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. 32(2): 161171. . Firstly, it allows the amplitude of vocal fold vibration to increase during the closure, giving a particularly strong percept of voicing at the time of the release. That Zulu dental clicks are produced with a controlled fricated release is also clear from the way the front release initially involves formation of a narrow channel, clearly visible in frame 150. & Haacke, W. H. G. . S. Sukuma F21 lengthened vowels are almost exactly intermediate between underlying short and long vowels and the nasal portion is quite long. (PDF) Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' . (eds. 30: 591627. Byrd Elderkin (1980) Nasale suivie de consonne sourde en proto-bantu. The two vocoid approximants /j/ and /w/ occur in many languages, often alternating with high vowels /i u/. (1990) Depression Without Depressors. & Faytak, M. Iskarous Figure 3.16 Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. Click consonants do not occur Herero R31, Umbundu R11, Totela K41 or Lozi K21, nor are they found in languages of the Wambo R20 cluster, such as Kwanyama R21, Mbalanhu R214 and Ndonga R22. | Promotions Ladefoged, P. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (1985) The Londo Word: Its Phonological and Morphological Structure. , Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. Bo These closely related languages have been argued to violate a constraint against voiceless stops after nasals. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. New Proposals for the Phonological Inventory of Proto-Bantu. Namaseb D. Paulian, C. Demolin et al. Myers, S. In & Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Dental and lateral clicks are sometimes called noisy, affricated, or pre-affricated (Roux 2007), while the (post-)alveolar is described as abrupt or unaffricated. Palatal clicks in Yeyi R41 are somewhat fricated (Fulop et al. K. (eds. V. (1998) The Phonetic Nature of voiceless Nasals in Pokomo: Implications for Sound Change. Nayak G. (1987) Acoustic and Perceptual Consequences of Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Three Bantu Languages. Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library There is evidence for post-nasal fortition rather than devoicing in the Ngwato S31c variety (Gouskova et al. 1999). See Proctor et al. Mickey 11(2): 206223. Phonetica Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. (2012) Clicks in South-Western Bantu Languages: Contact-Induced Vs. Language-Internal Lexical Change. In Changana S53, whistling fricatives occur with a rounded lip posture (Shosted 2011) rather than the narrowed lip posture seen in Shona S10, Kalanga S16 and Tsonga S53. Diemer EPG frames showing a dental click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. & , In this variety, some speakers fail to devoice, and others devoice intervocalically as well as after nasals (Zsiga et al. The Bantu Languages - 2nd Edition - Mark Van de Velde - Koen Bostoen T. Spreafico, L. ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Shryock L. M. Gunnink, H. For instance, there are languages with and without downdrift, though the former are more common (Downing & Rialland 2016b). The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 14581461. Doke, C. M. , or as an unaspirated alveolar click ([ruoma]), as in For instance, a contrast between HL and LH contours is restricted to long vowels in Rwanda JD61 (Myers 2003). 54: 471486. , shows a spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket spoken in isolation. 3: 19811984. Downing, L. J. 88: 12861298. (Nabirye et al. Pretoria: J.L. (1998) Thimbukushu Grammar. Wentzel Meeussen, A. E. J. | Free trial Source: Recording and images made available by Michael Proctor. Nagano-Madsen, Y. In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). , (1982) Liquids in Chaga. In her study, F1, B1 (F1 bandwidth), center of gravity and A1-A2 (relative amplitudes of F1 and F2) help distinguish vowel pairs that differ in [ATR] value to varying degrees depending on the vowel pair and speaker. M. Changes in larynx activity can be variously timed in relation to the action in the oral cavity, and to the timing of movements raising and lowering the velum. The book discusses the phonetic and morphological characteristics of these 2 zones and a classification of the groups, clusters and dialects is provided. Leipzig: F.A. The distances along the axes are scaled to reflect auditory/perceptual intervals; F2 is plotted using a logarithmic scale. v broadly demonstrates the need for micro-linguistic and language-specific considerations in the McCormack, P. Volume 1: The Comparative Linguistics of the Bantu Languages. In , (1997) Formant Structure of Standard KiSwahili Vowels. Evidently more study of the phonetic and sociolinguistic variation in this area would be of great interest. Pretoria: University of South Africa. (1967) Bantu Grammatical Reconstructions. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Ebobiss (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. J. D. & Expansion of the closed cavity causes the pressure in the air inside the space to be reduced well below that of the air outside the mouth. Pretoria: J.L. (2007) Question Prosody: An African Perspective. Fehn 46(2): 219228. Kapule David In Mkanganwi, K. G. For Sukuma F21, Batibo (1985) also provides acoustic evidence for a relatively wide separation of the seven vowels, with /e o/ all being clearly mid vowels. Kawahara M. N. Ejective stops and affricates are more rarely found in the Bantu languages, although they occur as variants of the unaspirated voiceless stops in languages of the South, especially in post-nasal contexts. Kxa, Tuu and Khoe (Khoisan) languages tend to favour uvular rather than velar constrictions (cf. New York: Harcourt Brace. Ultrasound images clearly show differences in tongue root position across vowel pairs (Gick 2002, Gick et al. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics I. Nurse, D. Liu T. C. Source: Data from Ngessimo Mutaka; measurements by the first author. Roux, J. C. , as indicated by the positioning of the horizontal white lines superimposed on each photograph. 13: 3972. The bilabial click // is not found in Bantu except in paralinguistic utterances, and as a variant pronunciation of a sequence of labial and velar stops, as in Rwanda JD61 (Demolin 2015: 483). 121(15): 21202152. (2005) Vowel Duration and Neutralization of Vowel Length Contrasts in Kinyarwanda. (1970b) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Somewhat similar facts have been shown for the Zezuru S12 variety of Shona (Maddieson 1990). 2016). R. The East Ruvu Bantu Expand 1 PDF Studies in African Linguistics Volume 50 Number 2, 2021. Figure 3.5 I. (1982) Fonetika Tabasaranskogo jazyka. Muravjeva & Rialland Demolin, D. (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. Phonological development of first language isiXhosa-speaking children aged 3;0-6;0 years: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Figure 3.12 De Blois 1970: 155). . , Following Traill et al. This pattern of co-occurrences is not one which suggests a phonological role for ATR. van der Hulst, H. G. The fragment marked B has voiceless oral airflow, with resonances similar to those of the following /a/ vowel. , (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. (2003) Kilimanjaro Bantu (E60 and E74). halshs-02504383 %RVWRHQ .RHQ 0DUN 9DQ GH 9HOGH ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q 9DQ GH 9HOGH 0DUN .RHQ %RVWRHQ 'HUHN 1XUVH *pUDUG 3KLOLSSVRQ HGV 7KH %DQWX /DQJXDJHV QG (GLWLRQ >5RXWOHGJH (2014) The whistled Fricative in Xitsonga: Its Articulation and Acoustics. Map. Lexical stems have a system of seven oral vowels but only five nasal vowels. M. (2008) The Acoustic Correlates of ATR Harmony in Seven- and Nine-Vowel African Languages: A Phonetic Inquiry Into Phonological Structure. M. C. ), Proceedings of the 8th International Seminar on Speech Production, 137140. , Hualde Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. Examples of the Rwanda JD61 strengthening of an underlying /u/ or /w/ into a velar stop after a non-homorganic nasal or stop are illustrated by the spectrograms in 19(1): 119. In Sands, B. 55: 119148. Librarian resources , with no difference in meaning. A plot of vowel distribution in Nyamwezi F22 is shown in Brenzinger, M. 36(1): 6792. Wissing, D. Phonemic Inventories and Cultural and Linguistic Information Across & By Malcolm Guthrie, Ph.D. 1989: 54). Figure 3.10 (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. M. Kisseberth, C. W. & Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. Orie, O l. Kula, N. C. & Rwanda JD61 contrasts long and short vowels yet also has vowel lengthening before NC as well as after a consonant-glide sequence (Myers 2005). J. Studies in African Linguistics (eds. P. (1974) Introduction to the Speech Sounds and Speech Sound Changes of Tsonga. 7: 4143. Lyon: Universit Lyon 2, thse de doctorat. However, as was observed long ago by Doke (1931b, 1931a), the phonetic patterns vary quite considerably across the different varieties of Shona S10. Rialland Mittheilungen des Seminars fr Orientalische Sprachen J. Note that as many PB Pitch effects of depressor nasals in the Giryama E72a words /nhane/ eight (left panel) and ideophone /nho/ (right panel). due to male/female differences in formant range.
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