On October 4, 2014, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, the self-styled former president-for-life of Haiti, died as a result of a cardiac arrest at the home of a friend in the Port-au-Prince suburb of Petion-Ville. California: [20]:139, Duvalier's government was one of the most repressive in the Western Hemisphere. A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was Haitians fleeing the island an expansion of civil rights a strengthening of ties with the United States the signing of a peace treaty with Cuba. Caribbean Quarterly, published since 1949, is the flagship journal of culture of the University of the West Indies. In 1934, he attended medical school at the University of Haiti and subsequently worked at various hospitals and clinics around the city. Complete the following sentence: Fearful of the army, Duvalier indulged in frequent shakeups of the top command, retiring prematurely any officers he felt might lead a coup against him. After their marriage in 1967, President Duvalier got them out of his sight by appointing Co lonel Dominique Ambassador to Spain. Updates? [34] In 1964, he published a catechism in which the Lord's Prayer was heavily reworded to praise Duvalier instead of God. He started in the government as a hard working man to better public health. Duvalier remained under con stant guard, depending for his power on a 600man palace guard, the 350 soldiers of the Dessalines Barracks adjacent to the gleaming white palace, 5,000 militiamen, and perhaps most importantly, the dreaded Tontons Macoutes (Haitain Creole for bogeymen). Mrs. Yvonne Rimpel, director of the antiDuvalier fortnightly L'Escale, was beaten uncon scious before her children and taken by a dozen Tontons to the outskirts of PortauPrince, where they tortured and raped her and left her dying. He came into power via military coup d'tat and was then made the president. Dr. Franois Duvalier, also known as Papa Doc, was the president of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. Three military officers seized power, and under their supervision Dumarsais Estim was elected president. A reign of terror began. (The two dates were felicitous ones from his point of view, as Papa Doc had always con sidered 22 his lucky number. In 1954, Duvalier abandoned medicine, hiding out in Haiti's countryside from the Magloire regime. Submitted by Reddebrek on January 16, 2017. years of military rule in Haiti, U.S. intervention ushered . In April 1963, Barbot was released and began plotting to remove Duvalier from office by kidnapping his children. Per capita income for Haiti's 4.5million people was about $75 a year, compared with the LatinAmerican average of about $400. [10]:464 The dispossessed fled to the slums of the capital where they would find only meager incomes to feed themselves. roly-poly Jean-Claude. These weaknesses included their inability to coordinate their actions against the regime, whose power had grown increasingly stronger.[23]. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. He was deposed in 1986 after a popular uprising and died in 2014 at age 63. At 64, weakened by heart attacks and chronic diabetes. Fran ois Duvalier was the president of Haiti from 1957 until his death. A Record in Office. Request Permissions. For the Colombian drug trafficker, see. In 1959, shortly after the first of six abortive invasions of Haiti by exiles had been put down, Papa Doc suffered a seri ous heart attack that almost killed him. During the heart attack, he was comatose for nine hours. And to further assure his as sumed benignity, Duvalier had his rubberstamp legislature pro claim him Incorruptible Leader of the Great Majority of the Haitian People, Renovator of the Republic, Chief of the Revo lution and Spiritual Father of the Nation. Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, the father of Jean-Claude Duvalier, ruled Haiti from 1957 to 1971. Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, the son of the infamously corrupt and authoritarian Haitian president Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, was president of Haiti from 1971 to 1986. He's also controlling his parents - her son and daughter-in-law - making them his new Tonton Macoute. Many Haitians left the country to escape abuses and poor economic conditions. Duvalier's response was to bait the United States in his speeches as anti Negro. The invaders came ashore Haitian land at Les Irois, the southern most tip of the country. [3] He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Global US politics. Q. Haitians do not return to Haiti after "Papa Doc" Duvalier dies because . He graduated from the University of Haiti's school of medicine in 1934 and served until 1943 as a hospital staff physician. That summer he had Barbot murdered, after the latter, on his release from prison, had attempted an insurrection. Haiti under Francois Duvalier Haitian migration is not a new phenomenon. After six teenagers painted a Down, With Duvalier sign on a Port auPrince walland were exe cuted without trial President Duvalier ordered that all youth organizations, even the Boy Scouts, be disbanded. [42] Duvalier, however, dismissed the piece and referred to its author as "a cretin, a stool pigeon, sadistic, unbalanced, perverted, a perfect ignoramous [sic], lying to his heart's content, the shame of proud and noble England, a spy, a drug addict, and a torturer". 2382 Words10 Pages. [6]:85 On 14 June 1964, a constitutional referendum made Duvalier "President for Life", a title previously held by seven Haitian presidents. The Tonton Macoute force was created by the president to eliminate defectors, and everybody was too scared to express dissent. In 1957, Haitian elections put Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier in power as "president-for-life.". From that point many professionals fled the country, resulting in the collapse of the educational and health care systems. Papa Doc died. 4 William Paley, 'Power shift imperils Haiti's frail stability', The Guardian (London) 13 January 1982. 1964 - Duvalier declares himself president-for-life. A supporter of President Dumarsais Estim, Duvalier was appointed director general of the National Public Health Service in 1946, and he directed the anti-yaws campaign in 194748. 3 months later, Papa Doc had a heart attack and breathed his last. Some of the highly skilled professionals joined the ranks of several UN agencies to work in development in newly independent nations such as IvoryCoast, and the Congo. Former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier died of a heart attack in Port-au-Prince at the age of 63, a family member told CNN Saturday. [10], Duvalier promoted and installed members of the black majority in the civil service and the army. In February 1986 Duvalier fled Haiti, with U.S. assistance, for France. And conquer he did, with an overwhelming majority, in the election of Sept. 22, 1957. [22], In the early years of his rule, Duvalier was able to take advantage of the strategic weaknesses of his powerful opponents, mostly from the mulatto elite. The journal comprises scholarly articles, essays, criticism, creative writing, and book reviews. Duvalier awarded Haile Selassie the Necklace of the Order of Jean-Jacques Dessalines the Great, and the emperor, in turn, bestowed upon Duvalier the Great Necklace of the Order of the Queen of Sheba. The first attempt at elections, in November 1987, ended when some three dozen voters were killed. By 1970, MarieDenise was back in her father's good graces. Hong Kong. [4], Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince in 1907, the son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and baker Ulyssia Abraham. Corruption, imprisonment and repression remained staples in Haiti's government during Baby Doc's fifteen-year rule. [6]:8182 His physician believed that he had suffered neurological damage during these events, harming his mental health and perhaps explaining his subsequent actions. Duvalier promised to end domination by the mulatto elite and to extend political and economic power to the black masses. [45] Made by Yorkshire Television, the documentary is deeply revealing of Duvalier's character and of the state of Haiti in 1969. .. Setting about to consolidate his power, he reduced the size of the army and, with his chief aide, Clment Barbot, organized the Tontons Macoutes (Bogeymen), a private force responsible for terrorizing and assassinating alleged foes of the regime. The regime's propaganda stated that "Papa Doc was one with the lwa, Jesus Christ and God himself". Give us this day our new Haiti and never for give the trespasses of the anti patriots who spit every day on our country; let them succumb to temptation, and under the weight of their venom, deliver them not from any evil . In 1956, the Magloire government was failing, and although still in hiding, Duvalier announced his candidacy to replace him as president. The United States had also lost patience with Duvalier over his efforts to build Duva lierville, a model city that was to be a monument to him self. The Macoute, which by 1961 was twice as big as the army, never developed into a real military force but was more than just a secret police. Gen. Prosper Avril took power, but his unstable regime ended in March 1990. Starting in 1957, the Duvalier family began its rule of Haiti. A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was 1. Haiti benefited economically from a large influx of international aid and loans, but many of its farmers (the largest component of its workforce) struggled to compete with cheaper imported foodstuffs. memorial page for Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier (14 Apr 1907-21 Apr 1971), Find a Grave Memorial ID 6942296; Burial Details Unknown; Maintained by Find . Haitians voted to approve his 19-year-old son, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, as his successor. [20]:101, After Fulgencio Batista (a friend of Duvalier)[20]:92 was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, Duvalier worried that new Cuban leader Fidel Castro would provide a safe haven for Haitian dissidents. One of the most informative, Patrick Lemoine's FortDimanche: Dungeon of Death, dealt specifically with victims of Fort Dimanche, the prison which Duvalier used for the torture and murder of his political opponents.[48]. for government. Franois Duvalier was a promoter of black nationalism and an overthrow was conducted by him which resulted in transformation of the nation into a totalitarian state. While he built up his follow ing in the rugged mountains of Haiti, Duvalier is said to have consolidated his support among regional voodoo houngans. A contributor to the daily Action Nationale (1934), Duvalier was markedly influenced by the mystic scholar Lorimer Denis and became a member of Le Groupe des Griots, a circle of writers who embraced black nationalism and voodoo as the key sources of Haitian culture. Elections in 1995 brought about the first peaceful transfer of power between elected presidents in Haitis history when Ren Prval, an associate of Aristide, was chosen to succeed him. Politically active from an early age, Duvalier wrote . Jean-Claude Baby Doc Duvalier (1951-2014), Kenule Ken Beeson Saro-Wiwa (1941-1995), African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43a/566.html, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. (Papa Doc) Duvalier held power from 1957 until he died in 1971 . 6,657. Final Exam Review - . political experience than Nixon and understood Soviet and Chinese issues. The abrupt departure ended Haiti's infamous Duvalier era, 28 years of often-harsh repression under a father and then a son. California He was known to be strongly against and attack his opponents and was even said to have driven a lot of them into exile. Opponents, however, saw little change in the regimes basic nature. The enmity between the two countries had long historical roots and racist underpinnings: Dominicans, with their Spanish culture and largely European ancestry, looked disdainfully upon black Haitian labourers; however, the Dominican economy depended on cheap Haitian labour. Despite his earlier opposition to U.S. control of Haiti, Duvalier later participated in the U.S. sponsored campaigns against malaria and yaws in the 1940s. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. And in another seeming para dox, Duvalier had the all important support of the army, whose generals considered him a feckless puppet. Estimates are that over 300,000 people were killed and some 1.5 million left homeless. His relationship with the United States proved difficult. This referendum was also blatantly rigged; an implausible 99.9% voted in favor, which should have come as no surprise since all the ballots were premarked "yes". The country has long been plagued by natural disasters. The United States and United Nations began forming a new Haitian police force, but the bulk of U.S. forces were soon withdrawn. Throwing support behind Dumarsais Estims government, Duvalier served in the Ministries of Public Health and Labor, giving him his first role in government. Duvalierists managed to be ap pointed to several public offices during that hectic period and used the opportunity to work for Duvalier's support among civil servants. More than 30,000. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Kennedy outperformed Nixon during televised debates because he was more comfortable and charismatic. Near the end of his life, Duvalier faced a contracting economy, withdrawal of most U.S. aid, and a decline in tourism; in response he relaxed some of the severe repression and terror that had characterized his early regime. D Papa Doc Dr. Francois Duvalier was known for his time as President of Haiti for being a ruthless, unhealthy man who would lie to his people and rule them harshly. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. On September 25, 1956, Physician Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier seizes power in a military coup d'tat and is elected president a year later. During the President's illness, power fell to Mr. Barbot, whose skill in eliminating the regime's enemies had earned him the nickname Muffler. The force was named as Tonton Macoute force. [6]:51 He completed a degree in medicine from the University of Haiti in 1934,[9] and served as staff physician at several local hospitals. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, a result of papa doc duvalier's rule in haiti was haitians fleeing the island an expansion of civil rights a strengthening of ties with the united states the signing of a peace treaty with cuba, In 2008, two years after the death of science fiction writer Octavia Butler, the Huntington Library in ______ received a collection of more than 8,000 [10][29] Duvalier attempted to exploit tensions between the U.S. and Cuba, emphasizing his anti-communist credentials and Haiti's strategic location as a means of winning U.S. support: Communism has established centres of infection No area in the world is as vital to American security as the Caribbean We need a massive injection of money to reset the country on its feet, and this injection can come only from our great, capable friend and neighbor the United States. Haitians fleeing the island 2. an expansion of civil rights 3. a strengthening of ties with the United States 4. the signing of a peace treaty with Cuba The Dominican government agreed to compensate the slain workers relatives the following year, but only part of the promised amount was actually paid. [27]:4748. Name at least three ways a family of origin influences a person. answer choices . Following a series of short-lived presidencies, Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier took power in 1956, ushering in a long period of autocratic rule that was continued by his son Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier that lasted until 1986; the period was characterised by state-sanctioned violence against the opposition and civilians, corruption and . His method was to engineer the kidnapping of two of the President's three chil dren, who were to be held for a priceDuvalier's resignation and selfexile. For much of the 20 th century, Haiti was under the control of the Duvalier family, headed by Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier until from 1954 to 1971, the country was controlled with an iron fist. In 1946 the president of Haiti, Dumarsais Estim, appointed him director general of the National Public Health Service. [20] He had a new constitution adopted that year. Tonton Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. [44][citation needed], Alan Whicker featured Duvalier in a 1969 episode of Whicker's World, which included an interview with the president. Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone. Language, Culture and Power: Haiti under the Duvaliers * by R. ANTHONY LEWIS, Introduction The 1957 election of Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier as president of Haiti saw the emergence of a political machinery which attempted, with varying degrees of success, to exert greater influence over Haitian cultural-but specifically com-munication-practices. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Haiti's former ruler Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier has died of a heart attack in the capital Port-au-Prince aged 63, official sources say. First, U.S. agricultural authorities oversaw the mass eradication of Haitis pig population in response to an outbreak of African swine fever in the late 1970s. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Around 300. Another of Duvalier's methods of obtaining foreign money was to gain foreign loans, including US$4million from Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. His legacy to Haiti was dole ful. He had been facing charges of corruption and human rights abuse. Returning to private practice, he clandestine ly helped organize resistance to the Magloire Government. Franois Duvalier, byname Papa Doc, (born April 14, 1907, Port-au-Prince, Haitidied April 21, 1971, Port-au-Prince), president of Haiti whose 14-year regime was of unprecedented duration in that country. In September 1994 the de facto government agreed to step down and allow some 20,000 U.S. troops to occupy the country. In April, 1963, Mr. Barbot, by then released from prison, made a bold attempt to topple Duvalier. Franois Duvalier (1907-1971), who was also known as Papa Doc Duvalier was President of Haiti between 1957 until his death in 1971. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [10]:234, Duvalier misappropriated millions of dollars of international aid, including US$15million annually from the United States. Papa Doc sent buses in rural areas to fetch dwellers to the capital and line up the streets and sing his virtues to show his visitors how much he was loved. Born on April 14, 1907 in the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince, Franois Duvalier was the son of Duval Duvalier and Uritia Abraham. These larger-than-life characters wreaked havoc across the Caribbean and went on to be implicated in President Kennedy's assassination, a failed invasion of 'Papa Doc' Duvalier's Haiti and the downfall of Richard Nixon. This was one of the straws that broke the back of the United States Department of State, which by 1961 had shored up the corruptionriddled Gov vernment to the extent of about $50million in economic and military aid. Papa Doc Duvalier was a president of Halti. Born on July 3, 1951 in the Haitian capital, Port-au-Prince, he grew up largely in isolation, spending his time inside the presidential palace. [10], The racism and violence that occurred during the United States occupation of Haiti, which began in 1915, inspired black nationalism among Haitians and left a powerful impression on the young Duvalier. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was, example of one social change for African Americans During Reconstruction, How would you describe the relationship between the historical, economic, political, and/or cultural context of the United States (in a given time per The Dominican government agreed to compensate the slain workers' relatives the following year, but only part of the promised amount was actually paid. [27]:132 He believed another political enemy, Clment Barbot, was able to change at will into a black dog and had the militia begin killing black dogs on sight in the capital. Duvaliers government additionally confiscated peasant land holdings and siphoned about $500 million of taxes and foreign aid. "Baby Doc . He was succeeded by his son, JeanClaude, who was nicknamed "Baby Doc". [10] Upon hearing the results, he proclaimed, "I accept the people's will. Papa Doc maintained his presidency until his death in 1971. He was unanimously "re-elected" in a 1961 presidential election in which he was the only candidate. On 24 May 1959, Duvalier suffered a massive heart attack, possibly due to an insulin overdose; he had been a diabetic since early adulthood and also suffered from heart disease and associated circulatory problems. TRIGGER WARNING: EXECUTION. After studying at the Lyce National, he en rolled in the University of Haiti School of Medicine, from which he was graduated in 1934. 1957 - Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier takes power with military backing, ushering in a period which sees widespread human rights abuses. By 1954 he had become the central opposition figure and went underground. BlackPast.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373. On the death of his father, Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, when he was still only 19, Jean-Claude Duvalier, "Baby Doc", succeeded him as Haiti's President for Life. A leader of one invasion was a former army officer, Capt. A result of papa doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was Haitians fleeing the island.. What was "Papa Doc" Duvalier rule about? He came into power via military coup d'tat and was then made the president. In other incidents, Duvalier ordered the head of an executed rebel packed in ice and brought to him so he could commune with the dead man's spirit. Hundreds of people attend the funeral of the notorious former ruler of Haiti, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, in Port-au-Prince. B. Kennedys brother and campaign manager persuaded the judge to release Martin Luther King, Jr. on bail. [6]:57 By December 1956, an amnesty was issued and Duvalier emerged from hiding,[17] and on 12 December 1956, Magloire conceded defeat. Advertising. [27]:1011, Haitian communists and even suspected communists bore the brunt of the government's repression. . Duvalier even went so far as to indoctrinate Haitian chil dren with a political catechism that included his own parody of The Lord's Prayer: Our Doc, who art in the Na tional Palace for life, Hallowed be Thy name by present and future generations. Almost 90 per cent of the people were illiterate and were plagued by yaws, tuberculosis and malnutrition. Finally, the United States cut aid to Haiti, which had amounted to $15million a year until 1961, to $1.5million, its share of a United Nations effort to eradicate malaria. Haiti entered a new era in 1957, when Dr. Franois Duvalier, "Papa Doc," became President following a campaign in which he sought to rally the country's noiriste . He amassed a significant fortune through embezzlement, extortion, and drug trafficking. Former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as Baby Doc. In April 1964 he declared himself president for life. In 1946 Haitian workers and students held strikes and violent demonstrations in opposition to the president, lie Lescot, who had succeeded Vincent in 1941. It was pre sumed they were killed and buried in a common grave. The Cold War had arrived in Miami, and things would never be the same again. Under the durable Duvalier regime, which began in 1957 and lasted longer than any oth er in Haiti's historyof the 36 Presidents who preceded Papa Doc, 23 were either killed or overthrown bloodshed and violence became a way of life. "Papa Doc" redirects here. Aristide returned the following month, whereas Cdras and other coup leaders went into exile. The Constitution, written by the President himself, had called for election of a uni cameral legislature in 1961. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francois-Duvalier, BlackPast - Biography of Franois Papa Doc Duvalier, GlobalSecurity.org - Papa Doc Duvalier - 1957-1971, Franois Duvalier - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The United States, which counted on him strongly as an antiCommunist ally, flew in teams of specialists from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and from Washington to treat him. He fa vored Homburgs and top hats, and was seldom seen without thicklensed eyeglasses. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Duvalier defeated an attempted coup in 1958 and survived a major heart attack in 1959, both of which increased his paranoia. Papa Doc's monument became a complex of halffinished, rotting buildings. In the 2002 film 8 Mile, one of the central characters is named "Papa Doc". Physician Francois popularly known as "Papa Doc" Duvalier was said to have came into power on On September 25, 1956.. The Dominican president reacted with outrage, publicly threatened to invade Haiti, and ordered army units to the border. Corrections? Thy will be done at PortauPrince and in the provinces.