what percentage of jews died in the holocaust

No personnel were available or inclined to count Jewish deaths until the very end of World War II and the Nazi regime. Read more about the ATPs methodology and the methodology for this report. Works by Jewish composers,[58] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions. [159][160] The Germans used the ravine for mass killings throughout the war; up to 100,000 may have been killed there. [293] Timothy Snyder noted that it was only during the three months after the deportations of JulySeptember 1942 that agreement on the need for armed resistance was reached.[294]. [79] The extent of the violence shocked the rest of the world. See here for details. [b] Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia, in The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust (2000), favor a definition that includes the Jews, Roma, and disabled people: "the systematic, state-sponsored murder of entire groups determined by heredity". View the list of all donors. While adult men answer slightly more questions right than women, teen boys and girls correctly answer a similar number of questions about the Holocaust (1.8 each, on average). [175] After mid-1943, some of the forced-labor camps for Jews and some ghettos were converted into concentration camps, while others were dissolved and surviving prisoners sent to a concentration camp. [275] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. [261], Chemno, with gas vans only, had its roots in the Aktion T4 euthanasia program. Similarly, an overwhelming majority of agnostics (87%), Jews (86%) and atheists (84%) know that ghettos were parts of a town or city where Jews were forced to live. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. [226], SS-Obergruppenfhrer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Head Office (RSHA), convened what became known as the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 at Am Groen Wannsee 5658, a villa in Berlin's Wannsee suburb. Nevertheless, some Jews were able to escape to neutral countries, whose policies ranged from rescue to non-action. , Responses to this question were coded to prioritize knowledge of the mass murder of Jews during the Holocaust. The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as the seed of a new Jewish revival. The new data is based on a survey of 10,971 U.S. adults conducted in February 2019. ", "Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945", "Shoah: How a Biblical Term Became the Hebrew Word for Holocaust", "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion", "Senior Management Team: Dr. Michael Gray, Academic and Universities Director", "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution", "Antisemitic Austrian election poster by Bernd Steiner", "Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto", "Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country", "Einsatzgruppe member kills a Jewish woman and her child near Ivangorod, Ukraine, 1942". [321] In the decades after the war, Swiss banks became notorious for harboring gold deposited by Nazis who had stolen it during the Holocaust, as well as profiting from unclaimed deposits made by Holocaust victims. Nearly nine-in-ten U.S. Jews (90%), agnostics (90%) and atheists (87%) know that the Holocaust happened between 1930 and 1950. After opposition from both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were deported in late 1942; only one survived the war. The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. [390] Between 1939 and 1941, 80,000 to 100,000 mentally ill adults in institutions were killed, as were 5,000 children and 1,000 Jews, also in institutions. "[216], On 7 December 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii, killing 2,403 Americans. In Lithuania, by contrast, the pogroms were carried out by organized Lithuanian paramilitaries. the case that 5.5 million to six million Jews died in the Holocaust, said . Jews, deemed "inferior," were considered an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). [u] According to Browning, eight of the 15 had doctorates: "Thus it was not a dimwitted crowd unable to grasp what was going to be said to them. [299] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. Discussing plans for a "final solution to the Jewish question" ("Endlsung der Judenfrage"), and a "final solution to the Jewish question in Europe" ("Endlsung der europischen Judenfrage"),[235] the conference was held to coordinate efforts and policies ("Parallelisierung der Linienfhrung"), and to ensure that authority rested with Heydrich. [151], The German army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters. [230], The 15 men present at Wannsee included Heydrich, SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann, head of Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4 ("Jewish affairs"); SS Major General Heinrich Mller, head of RSHA Department IV (the Gestapo); and other SS and party leaders. [179], The allies of Nazi Germany comprise the independent states that aligned themselves with the Reich. [59] Jewish doctors were dismissed or urged to resign. Types and Numbers of Nazi Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945 Estimated Deaths from Nazi Violence during World War II (by Group) Estimated Number of Prisoners and Survivors (by Extermination Camps) [147] The point of the attacks was to destroy the local Communist Party leadership and therefore the state, including "Jews in the Party and State employment", and any "radical elements". Documenting the Holocaust: Examples of Documents. The European Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event during the Holocaust era (19331945),[8] in which Germany and its collaborators persecuted and murdered millions of others, including ethnic Poles, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, the Roma, the disabled, political and religious dissidents, and gay men. [192][194], Thousands of Jews were murdered in January and June 1941 in the Bucharest and Iai pogroms. "The Jews have deserved the catastrophe that has now overtaken them," Goebbels wrote in his diary in 1942. Calculating the numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is a difficult task. Between November 1933 and December 1939, the agreement resulted in the emigration of about 53,000 German Jews, who were allowed to transfer RM100million of their assets to Palestine by buying German goods, in violation of the Jewish-led anti-Nazi boycott of 1933. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsteinGoldstein2016 (. "[60], On 15 September 1935, the Reichstag passed the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, known as the Nuremberg Laws. Germany, Italy and Bulgaria divided Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a country. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. As German troops advanced, the mass shooting of "anti-German elements" was assigned, as in Poland, to the Einsatzgruppen, this time under the command of Reinhard Heydrich. This money was spent aiding emigrants and providing direct relief in the form of parcels and other assistance to Jews living under German occupation, and after the war to Holocaust survivors. Holocaust Memorial Museum and Yad Vashem. persons actually or believed to be active in underground resistance, persons killed in reprisal for some actual or perceived resistance activity carried out by someone else, losses due to so-called collateral damage in actual military operations. [15] In 1968 the Library of Congress created a new category, "Holocaust, Jewish (19391945)". The gas chambers were dismantled, the crematoria dynamited, and the mass graves dug up and corpses cremated. [366] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements. [302], During a revolt in Treblinka on 2 August 1943, inmates killed five or six guards and set fire to camp buildings; several managed to escape. [45] Nazi policies divided the population into two groups: the Volksgenossen ("national comrades") who belonged to the Volksgemeinschaft, and the Gemeinschaftsfremde ("community aliens") who did not. Between 58,000 and 66,260 Jews remained in the country. [373] After Germany lost the war, the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland's Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland the extermination of Poles and Jews was a genocide in biological terms. U.S. adults who say they have visited a Holocaust memorial or museum (27% of all respondents) correctly answer 2.9 questions right out of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust. [329] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. And 22 percent of millennials say they haven't even heard of the Holocaust. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna. [237] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[239]. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[131] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. [203] Instead, Jews native to Bulgaria were sent to the provinces. From Germany they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz. [168] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". Most of the people surveyed (10,429) were members of Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel. [220] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary: Regarding the Jewish question, the Fhrer is determined to clear the table. By the end of World War II, in 1945, the Jewish population of Europe had shrunk to 3.8 million, or 35% of the world's 11 million Jews. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. [308] The Sonderkommando at crematorium II threw their Oberkapo into an oven when they heard the commotion, believing that a camp uprising had begun. [421] This trial and others held by the Allies in occupied Germany was ineffective in its goal of re-educating Germans;[422] a consensus in West German society demanded amnesty and release of the convicted prisoners. [83] Kristallnacht marked the end of any sort of public Jewish activity and culture, and Jews stepped up their efforts to leave the country. For example, the Nazis' treatment of the Slavs consisted of "enslavement and gradual attrition", while some Slavs were favored; Hayes lists Bulgarians, Croats, Slovaks, and some Ukrainians. [157], Notable massacres include the July 1941 Ponary massacre near Vilnius (Soviet Lithuania), in which Einsatgruppe B and Lithuanian collaborators shot at least 70,000 Jews, 20,000 Poles and 8,000 Russians. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center, around 7 million (including 1.3 Soviet Jewish civilians, who are included in the 6 million figure for Jews), around 3 million (including about 50,000 Jewish soldiers), around 1.8 million (including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish elites), Serb civilians (on the territory of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), People with disabilities living in institutions, Repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials, German political opponents and resistance activists in Axis-occupied territory, hundreds, possibly thousands (possibly also counted in part under the 70,000 repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials noted above), Auschwitz complex (including Birkenau, Monowitz, and subcamps), Shooting operations at various locations in central and southern German-occupied Poland (the Government General), Shooting operations in German-annexed western Poland (District Wartheland), Deaths in other facilities that the Germans designated as concentration camps, Shooting operations and gas wagons at hundreds of locations in the German-occupied Soviet Union, Shooting operations in the Soviet Union (German, Austrian, Czech Jews deported to the Soviet Union), Shooting operations and gas wagons in Serbia, Shot or tortured to death in Croatia under the Ustaa regime. The event, titled "Day to Remember An . Beginning in 1943, as it became clear that they would lose the war, the Germans and their Axis partners destroyed much of the existing documentation. The Holocaust Encyclopedia. [406] Because they refused to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or serve in the military, Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps, where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. By contrast, more atheists and agnostics than Jews correctly answer the question about how Hitler became chancellor of Germany: Three-quarters of atheists (76%) and seven-in-ten agnostics know Hitler became chancellor through a democratic political process, compared with 57% of Jews. [40], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. And U.S. adults who live in the West, Northeast and Midwest perform slightly better than those who live in the South. Najprsnejie rasov zkony na idov s slovensk". "[232] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. [120] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France. The former said that only those of "German or kindred blood" could be citizens. About 350,000 Polish Jews survived the war; most survivors never lived in Nazi-occupied Poland, but lived in the Soviet-occupied zone of Poland during 1939 and 1940, and fled or were evacuated by the Soviets further east to avoid the German . The commandos described them as "Bolshevist functionaries" and similar. [63][62] The laws referred to Jews but applied equally to the Roma and black Germans. For example, college graduates get an average of 2.8 out of the four multiple-choice questions right, while those whose formal education ended with high school correctly answer 1.7 questions. [430][431], Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, 2016. This perception contributed to the canard of Jewish Bolshevism. From August 1941 they began to murder women and children too. [123] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in France. [297] Polish and Jewish accounts stated that hundreds or thousands of Germans had been killed,[298] while the Germans reported 16 dead. [187][188] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted and killed other groups, including at times their children, because of their perceived racial and biological inferiority: Roma (Gypsies), Germans with disabilities, and some of the Slavic peoples (especially Poles and Russians). Eleven per cent of respondents across the US believed that Jews had caused the Holocaust, with the proportion in New York state at 19%, followed by 16% in Louisiana, Tennessee and Montana, and. 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[9], Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, Jews were subjected to antisemitism based on Christian theology, which blamed them for killing Jesus. Able-bodied Jews, separated according to sex, will be taken in large work columns to these areas for work on roads, in the course of which action doubtless a large portion will be eliminated by natural causes. [411] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [274] At Auschwitz, about 20 percent of Jews were selected to work. [433] In popular culture, Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil[434] and Nazi comparisons are common. [140] Nevenko Bartulin, however posits that of the total Jewish population of the NDH, only 100 Jews attained the legal status of Aryan citizens, 500 including their families. By comparison, 38% of teens know that approximately 6 million Jews perished in the Holocaust, and just one-third know that Hitler came to power through a democratic process. [417] Although blacks in Germany and German-occupied Europe were subjected to incarceration, sterilization and murder, there was no program to kill them as a group. [269], Christian Gerlach writes that over three million Jews were murdered in 1942, the year that "marked the peak" of the mass murder. [233] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[234]. Golub, Jennifer, and Renae Cohen. Approximately 304,000 Jews, emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. Where they came from and how they came to me was really none of my business. In Belgium, Romania, Luxembourg, Norway and Estonia, the figure was about 50 percent. Key Facts 1 [119], France had approximately 330,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy), more than half this Jewish population were not French citizens, but refugees who had fled Nazi persecution in other countries. The Jews of Germany were a mere one percent, but to Hitler and his followers, that was one percent too many. [426] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). Though the two institutions have different estimates, if you average the total number of Jews each says were murdered, the result is the commonly used figure of six million. On a feeling thermometer designed to gauge sentiments toward a variety of groups, nine-in-ten non-Jewish respondents who underestimate the Holocausts death toll express neutralor warm feelings toward Jews, while just one-in-ten give Jews a cold rating. Last year, Pew Research Center conducted its second U.S. religious knowledge survey, designed to gauge Americans familiarity with a variety of religion-related facts. [90] More Jews lived in Poland in 1939 than anywhere else in Europe;[4] another 3million lived in the Soviet Union. [383][384] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". [350] The Red Cross took control of Theresienstadt on 3 May, days before the Soviets arrived. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Just 3% of Americans mention something else, and an equal share say they dont know. [229] On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January. The totals for all countries show that nearly two-thirds of all Jews in Europe were killed during the Holocaust. [34] German troops destroyed villages throughout the Soviet Union,[360] rounded up civilians for forced labor in Germany, and caused famine by taking foodstuffs. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[247] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. [96][k] From 1 December, Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands. [425], The government of Israel requested $1.5billion from the Federal Republic of Germany in March 1951 to finance the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, arguing that Germany had stolen $6billion from the European Jews. [36] The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence, in the German empire and Austria-Hungary, of the vlkisch movement, developed by such thinkers as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Paul de Lagarde. In addition to the 32 questions about religious topics, the survey included five factual questions to test knowledge of the Holocaust: one open-ended question and four multiple-choice questions. [71], On 7 November 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Polish Jew, shot the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in the German Embassy in Paris, in retaliation for the expulsion of his parents and siblings from Germany. [122] Tunisia had 85,000 Jews when the Germans and Italians arrived in November 1942; an estimated 5,000 Jews were subjected to forced labor. Between 15 March and 10 August 1943, over forty thousand members of the Jewish community of Thessaloniki were rounded up by occupying German forces and deported to the notorious death camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Sources: U.S. A 100-year-old Holocaust survivor, who lived through 12 Nazi concentration camps during World War II, will share his story at the Chabad of Poway. Notice that Poland by far lost the largest number (three million), with the Soviet Union having lost the second most (one million). These are among the key findings of a survey conducted online Feb. 4 to 19, 2019, among 10,971 respondents. [276] They were then herded naked into the gas chambers. "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". [286] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. [285] Most of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first. These countries were not necessarily signatories of the Tripartite Pact (Finland) and signatories of the Tripartite Pact were not necessarily allies of Germany (Slovakia and Croatia were puppet states). [72][i] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. [175] During the last year of the war, people of partial Jewish descent and non-Jewish partners in mixed marriages were arrested and imprisoned in one hundred camps. [124] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 19391940. [155] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[156] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 19411942. [113] By June 1940 Norway was completely occupied. [33] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. With regard to the Polish and Soviet civilian figures, at this time there are not sufficient demographic tools to enable historians to distinguish between: Virtually all deaths of Soviet, Polish, and Serb civilians during the course of military and anti-partisan operations had, however, a racist component. On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. the Ustashe of Croatia), or forced others into participation. The overall death and destruction that took place during World War II may well be beyond human comprehension. [418], During and after World War II, many European countries launched widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators that affected possibly as much as 23 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews. 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder. [367], From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists. [99] The Warsaw Ghetto was established in November 1940, and by early 1941 it contained 445,000 people;[100] the second largest, the d Ghetto, held 160,000 as of May 1940. When asked to describe in their own words what the Holocaust was, more than eight-in-ten Americans mention the attempted annihilation of the Jewish people or other related topics, such as concentration or death camps, Hitler, or the Nazis. Current estimates might change as new documents are discovered or as historians arrive at a more precise understanding of the events. The tendency to see the Holocaust as a unique event was influential in early Holocaust scholarship, but came under contestation,[432] and eventually mainstream Holocaust scholarship came to reject explicit claims of uniqueness, while recognizing differences between the Holocaust and other genocides. [212], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. For example, men correctly answer 2.5 out of four multiple-choice questions, on average, while women get 1.9 right.3 And white respondents get an average of 2.5 questions right, compared with 1.2 questions among black adults and 1.7 questions among Hispanics. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. See also: Austria-Hungary, Hungary in World War I, Treaty of Trianon, and Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) In the 1941 census, the population of Hungary was 14,683,323. All Jews must be shot. Compilation of comprehensive statistics of Jews killed by German and other Axis authorities began in 1942 and 1943. At least 800,000 Jews died in Nazi ghettos and 150,000 Jews died in other concentration camps. Through song, words, and candle-lighting, those in the Erie Jewish Community and supporters, memorialized the six million Jewish people murdered during the Holocaust. [178] Although most Holocaust victims were never imprisoned in a concentration camp, the image of these camps is a popular symbol of the Holocaust. [42] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way.

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